Markers for detecting microsatellite instability in cancer and determining synthetic lethality with inhibition of the DNA base excision repair pathway

ABSTRACT

Described are mismatch repair (MMR-)deficient tumors. Markers are presented herein having a high sensitivity to detect whether a tumor is mismatch repair deficient or not. The markers are particularly mutations in microsatellite regions. Accordingly, methods and materials are provided for diagnosing microsatellite instability of a tumor. Such a method comprises determining the presence of these markers. Further, kits are provided to detect the presence of these markers (or subsets thereof) in a sample.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent Application PCT/EP2013/057516, filed Apr. 10, 2013, designating the United States of America and published in English as International Patent Publication WO 2013/153130 A1 on Oct. 17, 2013, which claims the benefit under Article 8 of the Patent Cooperation Treaty and under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to European Patent Application Serial No. 13161395.2, filed Mar. 27, 2013, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/638,955, filed Apr. 26, 2012, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/622,383, filed Apr. 10, 2012, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The application relates to the field of medicine and cancer, particularly to mismatch repair (MMR-)deficient tumors. New markers are presented herein that have a high sensitivity to detect whether a tumor is mismatch repair deficient or not. The markers are particularly mutations in microsatellite regions. Accordingly, methods are provided for diagnosing microsatellite instability of a tumor, comprising determining the presence of these markers. Further, kits are provided to detect the presence of these markers (or subsets thereof) in a sample.

Interestingly, mutations preferentially affect the double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) pathway, and DSB repair is functionally impaired in MMR-deficient tumors. It is shown herein that these tumors are sensitive to induction of single strand breaks by pharmacological inhibition of the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP inhibition). Accordingly, novel treatment modalities for MMR-deficient tumors are provided, based on the synthetic lethal interaction between MMR and PARP.

STATEMENT ACCORDING TO 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e) TABLES SUBMITTED AS ASCII TEXT FILES

Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.52(e), files containing tables have been submitted concomitant with this application, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.

BACKGROUND

The form of genomic instability associated with defective DNA mismatch repair in tumors is called microsatellite instability (MSI). Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a clonal change in the number of repeated DNA nucleotide units in microsatellites. It typically arises in tumors with defective mismatch repair (MMR) genes: failure of the DNA MMR system to repair errors that occur during the replication of DNA results in accelerated accumulation of single nucleotide mutations and alterations in the length of simple, repetitive microsatellite sequences that occur ubiquitously throughout the genome.

MMR-deficiency represents a well-established cause of Lynch syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder of cancer susceptibility that is responsible for 2% to 5% of endometrial (EM) or colorectal (CRC) cancers. Lynch syndrome is caused by mutations or deletions in the MMR pathway genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 or PMS2) (Jiricny, 2006). Additionally, epigenetic silencing of MLH1, often referred to as “sporadic” Lynch syndrome, contributes to another 15% of these tumors (Kuismanen et al., 2002). MMR-deficiency has also been described in a minority of ovarian, pancreatic, gastric, leukemic, as well as several other cancers.

Deficiency of the MMR machinery leads to DNA replication errors in the tumor tissue, but not in the normal surrounding tissue. In particular, somatic errors accumulate as insertion/deletion mutations in mono- and dinucleotide repeats—a phenomenon referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI) (Pinol et al., 2005).

MMR-deficient tumors exhibit a different prognosis and therapeutic outcome after standard chemotherapy (de la Chapelle and Hampel, 2010), such as 5-fluoracil and the alkylating agents such as temozolomide. Untreated CRC patients with MMR-deficient tumors have a modestly better prognosis, but do not seem to benefit from 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy, which is the first-choice chemotherapy for CRC. In particular, in MMR-deficient tumors mismatches induced by 5-fluorouracil are tolerated, leading to failure to induce cell death (Hewish et al., 2010). MMR-deficient tumors are also resistant to cisplatin and carboplatin, which are frequently used chemotherapies in EM (Hewish et al., 2010). Furthermore, MMR-deficient tumors can be resistant to targeted therapies, including anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF therapies, because they acquire secondary mutations in genes that activate alternative or downstream signaling pathways. For instance, MMR− tumors can acquire mutations in double-strand break repair genes (e.g., MRE11, ATR and RAD50), known oncogenes or tumor suppressors (e.g., PIK3CA or PTEN). Another possibility is that epigenetic silencing of MLH1 coincides with particular mutations, such as the BRAF V600E mutation (Ogino et al., 2012), which represents an established negative predictor of response to targeted anti-EGFR therapies in advanced CRC (De Roock et al., 2010).

Efforts to individualize the treatment of MMR-deficient tumors have focused on identifying synthetic lethal interactions with the MMR pathway. In particular, studies revealed that increased oxidative damage (by methotrexate exposure or PINK1 silencing (Martin et al., 2011)) and interference with the base excision repair (BER) pathway (by DNA polymerase γ or β inhibition (Martin et al., 2010)) sensitize MMR-deficient tumors. In particular, in MMR− tumors, oxidative damage induces 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) DNA lesions, which fail to be sufficiently repaired either by the BER or MMR pathway, generating mainly GC to TA dinucleotide transversions at the DNA level, leading to cell death. Additionally, it has been hypothesized that there is a maximum mutation frequency that a tumor can tolerate, above which a further increase in mutations would be detrimental. It has therefore been proposed to additionally treat MMR-tumors with mutagenic nucleoside analogues until a critical level of mutations is obtained resulting in error catastrophe-like ablation of the tumor. Until now, these efforts failed, however, to translate into clinically effective treatment options. Alternatively, secondary mutations occurring as a result of MMR-deficiency can also be targeted (Dorard et al., 2011). However, studies characterizing the secondary mutation spectra of MMR-deficient tumors have been limited to observations at one or a few reporter loci, or have focused exclusively on mutations at known hotspot sequences. Although they were able to establish that mutations most frequently affect mono- and di-nucleotide repeats, the spectrum of somatic mutations occurring in these tumors remains poorly characterized.

Since presence of MMR-deficiency mainly in colorectal and endometrial tumors represent a familial form of cancer, and since tumors exhibiting mutation spectra characteristic of MMR-deficiency, diagnostic tests assessing MMR-deficiency are commonly used.

By far the most common method to detect MSI is to measure the length of a polymerase chain reaction amplicon containing the entire microsatellite. This requires DNA, a pair of primers of which one is often fluorescently end labeled, a sequencer, and suitable software. Alternatively, if the amplicon is sequenced, one can simply count the number of repeat units. MSI can also be indirectly diagnosed by detecting loss of staining by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of one of the mismatch repair genes, since this also points to an abnormality in mismatch repair. Immunohistochemical and genetic methods are both characterized by a considerable number of false-negatives, and for this reason combined assessments at the immunohistochemical and genetic level are performed in a routine diagnostic setting.

There are at least 500,000 microsatellites in the human genome, and because defective MMR does not affect all microsatellites in a given tumor, it is important to study more than one microsatellite and to study microsatellites that are frequently affected by instability. As microsatellite markers were originally quite randomly picked by researchers, based on their own experiments, a conference was held in Bethesda, Md., to discuss the issues and make suggestions to promote consistency across studies. This resulted in a recommendation for a “golden standard” marker panel, known as the Bethesda panel.⁹ This panel consists of three dinucleotide repeats (D2S123, D5S346, D17S250) and two mononucleotide repeats (BAT26, BAT25) and is still the standard test for MSI. It was proposed to consider a tumor MSI-positive if 40% or more of the markers tested were unstable (also referred to as MSI-high or MSI-H). When using the five-marker panel, this means that MSI is called when at least two of them are positive; however, often four or all five are positive in tumors with MSI. Tumors that test negative for all five markers are termed microsatellite stable (MSS). For tumors that tested positive on 1 tumor marker (or on <30% of tumor markers), the term MSI-L was proposed.⁹

Although the Bethesda panel is still considered the standard, it is known to have a fairly low sensitivity (also depending on which MMR gene is mutated). For instance, for patients with MLH1 mutations, sensitivity is 80%, but for patients with MSH6 mutations, it is only 55%.¹⁰ This can be improved by adding further markers,¹⁰ but still actual MSI-H patients may present as MSI-L or MSS. This is not without significance, as MSI status is important in prognosis (typically better for MSI-H patients¹¹), treatment (MSI-H tumors do not respond to fluoro-uracil (FU)-based adjuvant therapy, as an intact MMR system is needed to induce apoptosis of cells with FU-modified DNA¹¹⁻¹³), and diagnosis of several cancers (e.g., those of the Lynch syndrome), and newly diagnosed colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are routinely screened for MSI status.

Another significant disadvantage is that the Bethesda panel is only recommended for colon cancer, even though other cancers displaying MSI are known.⁹ It seems that this is due to the fact that the five markers were rather randomly identified as being mutated in microsatellite unstable colon cancer, but there is no biological mechanism known.

A further disadvantage is of a technical nature. The Bethesda marker panel contains quite long repeats (e.g., the BAT26 marker contains a 26 nucleotide A repeat), and the typical PCR products used to determine MSI status are well over 100 bp. To accurately sequence these fragments and determine the exact length of the repeat, Sanger based sequencing methods in conjunction with multicapillary gel electrophoresis are typically used. However, more and more labs use so called “next generation” sequencing which employ massively parallel sequencing techniques. While cheaper, these technologies make use of shorter reads and cannot be used to detect microsatellite instability on the Bethesda marker panel. As a consequence, labs need to maintain two sequencers: one for Bethesda marker panel screening, and one for other experiments. It would be far more convenient if no special sequencer was required for determining MSI status and this determination could be done on commonly used equipment.

Thus, it would be advantageous to find markers for microsatellite instability that are more sensitive than the currently used Bethesda panel, while retaining specificity for MSI. Ideally, these markers are found using unbiased detection methods (i.e., looking across the whole genome rather than checking specific regions that are supposed to be altered in disease setting). A further advantage would be the identification of markers that are indicative of MSI as such. That is to say, they are a general marker for microsatellite instability, and not just for microsatellite instability in colon cancer (as is the case for the Bethesda panel). This would indeed obviate the need to find new markers for each cancer where MSI can be present. An additional advantage would be the identification of markers whose status can be determined independently of technology. More particularly, markers that can be identified using next generation sequencing technologies (instead of only being identified using Sanger sequencing). This way, labs need not to hold on to an apparatus they only use for checking the Bethesda panel markers.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Provided are better markers for determining MSI status of a particular cancer. To make sure detection was unbiased, it is here reported, for the first time, next-generation sequencing of mismatch-repair deficient tumors. The markers are chosen not to be in long microsatellites such that their detection is not dependent on Sanger sequencing methodology. Further, to expand applicability of markers, markers were evaluated in different tumor types such that they represent markers of microsatellite instability across various cancers, and not cancer type-specific markers. Finally, markers were selected to occur recurrently in the tumors. Interestingly, many of the recurrent (hot-spot) mutations clustered in genes affecting the DNA double strand break repair pathway, and it could be shown that this pathway is also functionally affected. As a result, it could be demonstrated that tumors positive for these markers are sensitive to inhibition with inhibitors of DNA base excision repair enzymes, such as PARP inhibitors: this results in a synthetic lethal interaction.

As will be expanded upon in the Examples section, next-generation sequencing allowed the identification of a new panel of markers that can be used to detect MMR-deficiency and that was in agreement with these conditions.

The identified markers can be divided in two classes: indels present in microsatellite regions in coding regions (i.e., exons) and indels present in non-coding regions (most particularly 5′ and 3′ UTR regions) of specific genes.

Accordingly, methods are provided herein of diagnosing MSI status of a tumor, comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the microsatellite regions are homopolymer regions. According to yet further particular embodiments, the microsatellite regions are identical to the microsatellite regions identified in Table 1 or 2 (i.e., the at least two microsatellite regions are selected from the list of microsatellite regions listed in Table 1 or 2).

According to specific embodiments, microsatellite regions present in UTRs can be selected from Table 4 instead of Table 1. According to other specific embodiments, these microsatellite regions can be selected from Table 6 instead of Table 1.

According to alternative but non-exclusive specific embodiments, microsatellite regions present in exons of genes can be selected from Table 5 instead of Table 2. According to other specific embodiments, the regions can be selected from Table 7 instead of Table 2.

According to very particular embodiments, the microsatellite regions can be selected from the genes listed in Table 8.

According to particular embodiments, the cancer or tumor for which the MSI status is diagnosed is selected from the group of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome.

As indels in microsatellites in non-coding regions (such as the 5′ and 3′ UTR regions) are subjected to less selection pressure than indels in coding regions (whereby the latter cause frame shift mutations resulting in a completely different translation from the original), it could be demonstrated that indels in microsatellites from non-coding regions are more reliable markers of MSI across cancer types. In fact, over 50% of the non-coding markers identified herein score positive when tested on MMR-deficient tumors with proven MSI. For the exonic markers, still well over ⅓ scored positive when tested on these tumors. This explains why it is envisaged to use at least three markers when at least part of the markers is in exonic regions.

It is also particularly envisaged to use combinations of markers in exonic regions and markers in non-coding regions. For instance, according to particular embodiments, the at least two microsatellite regions wherein the presence of an indel is determined are at least two microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and at least two microsatellite regions selected from those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

According to specific embodiments, it is envisaged to use more markers than at least two or three. Using more markers will typically yield a more accurate diagnosis (although this benefit should be off-set to the increased cost. Also, once above a certain threshold of markers, the relative value of adding another marker is limited, as it does not necessarily add information). Thus, according to particular embodiments, at least four, five, six, seven or eight markers are used (i.e., indels in microsatellite regions selected from those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1). According to further particular embodiments, the presence of at least 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 indels in microsatellite regions selected from those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 are used to determine the MSI status. According to even further particular embodiments, yet even more markers are used, e.g., at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40 markers, or at least 50 markers.

According to specific embodiments, at least one marker used is an exonic marker in a gene not previously associated with cancer, or in a gene not previously known to be affected in MMR deficient tumors. Thus, it is envisaged that the microsatellite(s) selected from those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 comprises at least one microsatellite present in a gene selected from the list of: SETD1B, RBMXL1, CCDC150, OR7E24, C15orf40, KIAA2018, LTN1, SLC22A9, CDH26, DDX27, EXOSC9, FAM111B, KIAA0182, KIAA1919, MIS18BP1, PRRT2, TMEM60, AQP7, ARV1, CCDC168, ELAVL3, F8, FETUB, HPS1, NBEAL1, P4HTM, PIGB, RBM43, RG9MTD1, SRPR, and TMEM97. According to yet even more specific embodiments, at least one microsatellite is present in a gene selected from the list of: SETD1B, TMEM60, DDX27, EXOSC9, FAM111B, and KIAA1919. According to alternative embodiments, SEC31A, CNOT2, RNF145, RNPC3, SLC35F5, TMBIM4, CD3G, DOCKS, MYO10 and PRRG1 can also be used in these lists.

According to alternative specific embodiments, at least one marker used is an indel in a homopolymer of between 10 and 15 repeat bases situated in a 5′ or 3′ UTR region.

A particularly envisaged marker panel are the microsatellites in the genes shown in Table 3. Thus, according to these embodiments, methods are provided wherein the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA is determined, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are microsatellite regions from the 56 genes shown in Table 3.

According to particular embodiments, MSI status can be further characterized as follows: if 17% or more of the studied microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is MSI-H, if between 2% and 17% of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is MSI-L, and if less than 2% of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is microsatellite stable (MSS). By way of example, for a panel of 56 markers, if 0 or 1 markers are positive, the tumor is classified as MSS, for 2 to 9 positive markers, the tumor is MSI-L, and for 10 or more positive markers, the tumor is classified as MSI-H. Alternatively, the range from the Bethesda panel can be extrapolated (0 of 10 positive markers is MSS, 1 or 2 out of 10 positive markers is MSI-L, 3 or more positive markers is MSI-H; which corresponds to boundaries of between 1 and 9% of positive markers for the distinction between MSS and MSI-L and of more than 20% positive markers for classification as MSI-H).

According to a specific aspect, the microsatellite indel markers provided herein can be detected independent of the technology used. However, it is particularly envisaged that determining the presence of an indel is not done through a method based on Sanger sequencing. This because the process of detecting microsatellite instability using the Bethesda marker panel is typically done through Sanger sequencing, a protocol that proves quite cumbersome. According to further embodiments, it is particularly envisaged to determine the presence of an indel through single base pair extension methods (such as a Sequenom MassArray), DNA hybridization technologies (e.g., TAQMAN®), melting curve analysis (including HRM) or a similar technology.

According to another aspect, a biomarker panel is provided for determining MSI in a tumor sample. Such biomarker panel comprises at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2. According to very particular embodiments, the biomarker panel comprises at least half of the microsatellite regions listed in Table 3. According to yet even further particular embodiments, the biomarker panel is represented by the 56 microsatellite regions listed in Table 3.

It is particularly envisaged that this biomarker panel can be used to detect MSI status in cancer. Accordingly, the use of this biomarker panel is provided in the diagnosis of microsatellite instability in cancer.

Accordingly, biomarker panels as described herein are provided for use as a medicament. More particularly, biomarker panels as described herein are provided for use as a diagnostic. Even more particularly, biomarker panels as described herein are provided for use in diagnosis of microsatellite instability in cancer.

According to yet other embodiments, a kit is provided for determining MSI in a tumor sample, comprising the tools to genotype the biomarker panel (i.e., the at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2). Most particularly, the kit will be adapted to the particularly envisaged biomarker panel(s). According to specific embodiments, the kit may also contain the tools to genotype the Bethesda panel of markers, or the extended Bethesda panel of markers. Such kits are particularly suited to do a side-by-side comparison of the markers with the Bethesda panel.

As shown in the Example section, the indel markers provided herein are enriched in genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair pathways, and affect their functionality. As a consequence, cells in which these markers are present are sensitive to synthetic lethality by inhibition of DNA base excision repair. This offers new therapeutic opportunities, as MSI positive tumors are often resistant to standard chemotherapies used.

Accordingly, in a further aspect, methods are provided of screening sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, comprising determining MSI status in the cancer cells. According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome. Although these methods can in principle be performed in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro, it is particularly envisaged that they are performed in vitro.

According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is indicative of sensitivity of the cancer cells to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme; i.e., the cancer cells will die, stop growing or proliferate less when treated with such inhibitor.

According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are cells obtained from a subject, and the screening of sensitivity to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is used in guiding the treatment of the subject. According to alternative embodiments, the screening of sensitivity is used in stratifying or classifying the subject for a clinical trial.

According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

Thus, not only methods of screening sensitivity of cancer cells are provided, but also methods of diagnosing sensitivity of a subject with cancer to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, comprising the steps of:

-   -   determining the MSI status in a sample of cancer cells obtained         from the subject;     -   correlating the MSI status to sensitivity to treatment with an         inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, wherein the         presence of MSI is indicative for sensitivity to the treatment.

Optionally, these methods contain an additional step of obtaining a sample of cancer cells from the subject (prior to the determining step). Determining the MSI status is then typically done in the cells of the obtained sample. It is particularly envisaged that determining the MSI status in a sample of cancer cells is performed in vitro.

According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome (or any other tumor of the Lynch syndrome spectrum). According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

It is also envisaged that methods according to this aspect may contain a further step of treating the subject with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme (if the subject is sensitive to such treatment, as determined by the MSI status).

Thus, also methods are provided for treating a cancer with MSI in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

-   -   establishing the presence of MSI in the cancer;     -   administration of an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair         enzyme to the subject.

It is envisaged that the cancer is treated by administering the inhibitor to the subject. The methods may optionally have an additional step of obtaining a sample of cancer cells from the subject (prior to the step of determining MSI, and establishing the presence of MSI).

According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome. According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1. Somatic substitutions and indels in the MSH6-deficient hypermutator. (a) The average mutation frequencies (number of mutations per base, mpb) in the MMR-deficient tumor and two MMR-proficient tumors. (b) Mutation frequency stratified for indels and substitutions. (c-d) The fraction of indels (c) and substitutions (d) observed in microsatellites, homopolymers (length over 5 bp), short homopolymers (length of 3 to 5 bp) and “not in repeat regions” compared to their expected fraction in these regions. (e-f) Frequencies of indels (e) and substitutions (f) in the MMR-deficient tumor stratified into exonic, intergenic and intronic regions.

FIG. 2. Somatic substitution and indel patterns in the MSH6-deficient hypermutator. (a) Somatic substitution patterns in whole-genome sequences of melanoma, small-cell lung cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, the MMR-deficient endometrial tumor, two MMR-proficient endometrial tumors and matched germ-line DNA (peripheral white blood cell) from the endometrial tumor patient. (b-c) Stratification of somatic substitution frequency in the MMR-deficient (b) and MMR-proficient (c) tumors per dinucleotide, with the first nucleotide being mutated. Normalized substitution frequencies reflect the number of affected dinucleotides divided by the genome-wide number of those dinucleotides, expressed as percentage of the total substitution frequencies. (d) Multivariate linear regression modeling of genome features predicting substitutions frequencies in the MMR-deficient tumor. Displayed are heat maps of the genome feature data ordered according to the number of substitutions visualizing the correlations between substitution frequencies and genome features. T-values resulting from the linear model are displayed for each genome feature in the bar plots on the right of the heat maps, and indicate significance (shaded grey equals P>0.01) and direction of the correlation. To accommodate the different scales of each feature in a single heat map, genome feature data are displayed distributed per centile, with white and red respectively indicating low and high centiles. G:C>A:T transitions in CpG sites were binned in 10 Mb windows as numbers were insufficient for modeling per 1 Mb window. (e) Frequency of substitutions, transitions (excluding G:C>A:T in CG) and transversions in the hypermutator per 1 Mb window, versus the replication time of that window binned per decile. Frequencies are displayed relative to windows replicating earliest. Error bars indicate standard error of mean (P<0.01 for substitutions and transitions at replication times over 0.2). (f) Frequency of substitutions, transitions (excluding G:C>A:T in CG) and transversions in and outside of CpG islands, relative to their genome-wide frequency in the hypermutator. (g) Multivariate linear regression modeling of genome features predicting indel frequency in the MMR-deficient tumor. The heat map and bar plot are as described for panel (d). (h) Fraction of homopolymers affected by an indel stratified per nucleotide in the MMR-deficient tumor compared to the genome-wide fraction of homopolymers with that nucleotide content. (i) Fraction of all indels inserting or deleting the indicated number of bases. (j-k) The distance between a somatic substitution and the nearest somatic indel (j) or substitution (k) in the hypermutator, and the expected distance based on 200 random models.

FIG. 3. Somatic mutation patterns of 10 MMR-deficient exomes. (a) The average mutation frequencies in the coding exons of 10 MMR-deficient tumors and 4 MMR-proficient tumors. (b) The average mutation frequency in the coding exons of 10 MMR-deficient versus 4 MMR-proficient tumors stratified for indels and substitutions. (c-d) Stratification of substitution frequencies per dinucleotide (with the first nucleotide being mutated) in MMR-deficient exons (c) and a set of published germ-line de novo substitutions (d). The normalized substitution frequencies plotted reflect the number of affected dinucleotides divided by the genome-wide number of those dinucleotides and expressed as percentage of the total somatic substitution frequencies. (e) The fraction of indels observed in microsatellites, homopolymers, short homopolymers and not in repeat regions in MLH1-deficient and MSH2-deficient tumors compared to the genome-wide fraction of these regions.

FIG. 4. Hotspot mutations in the exome, 5′ and 3′ UTR of MMR-deficient tumors. (a) Fraction of homopolymers in function of their length in coding regions, 5′ and 3′ UTRs. (b) Fraction of homopolymers affected by an indel in function of the homopolymer length for coding regions, 5′ and 3′ UTRs. (c) Average somatic indel frequencies in the coding regions, 5′ and 3′ UTR of MMR-deficient tumors. (d) The fraction of homopolymers recurrently affected by an indel in function of the homopolymer length for coding regions, 5′ and 3′ UTRs.

FIG. 5. The Bethesda and 56-marker hotspot mutation panel to assess MSI. The extended Bethesda panel and a panel of 56 hotspot mutations in exons, 5′ and 3′ UTRs identified by exome-sequencing were analyzed in an independent series of 114 unselected primary endometrial tumors. Results were color-coded according to high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), low microsatellite instability (MSI-L) or microsatellite stable (MSS) status based on the extended Bethesda panel.

FIG. 6. Somatic mutations affecting the DNA DSB repair by HR pathway. Diagram of the DSB repair by HR pathway (adapted from the IPA homologous recombination pathway diagram). Genes marked in orange (with grey background) carry somatic mutations either in a set of MMR-deficient tumors or in MSI-H tumors from the publically available TCGA dataset.

FIG. 7. MMR-deficient cells are sensitive to PARP inhibition. (a) Representative confocal images of MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient primary tumor cells exposed to 0 or 10 μM olaparib stained for the DNA repair marker RAD51 (green) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Arrows (yellow) indicate RAD51-positive cells containing over 5 green nuclear foci. (b) Quantification of cells containing >5 RAD51 foci. Averages are shown for cultures of 8 different MMR-deficient and 4 different MMR-proficient cells at 24 hours after treatment with olaparib (10 μM) or carrier control. (c-d) The average cell proliferation of 8 MMR-deficient cells (c) and 4 MMR-proficient cells (d) with increasing concentrations of olaparib (1 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM). Real-time cell proliferation was measured using xCELLigence RTCA DP system (Roche Applied Science) until 48 hours after treatment. Values are normalized to the mock-treated control (0 μM olaparib). Error bars represent standard error of means. An asterisk indicates statistically significant difference between treated versus mock-treated cells at the indicated time point (P<0.05). In summary, MMR-deficient cells were characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation, whereas MMR-proficient cells did not respond to olaparib (P=2.0E-7 by repeated measurement; see also FIG. 7c ).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES

Table 1. Most common recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions for 16 MMR-deficient tumor samples (present in at least 4 of 16 tumor samples). The latter two columns indicate how often the homopolymer is affected with an insertion or deletion, respectively.

Table 2. Most common recurrent indels in exons for 16 MMR-deficient tumor samples. The latter two columns indicate how often the homopolymer is affected with an insertion or deletion, respectively.

Table 3. Panel of 56 markers.

Table 4. Most common recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions for 16 MMR-deficient tumor samples, after additional filter step.

Table 5. Most common recurrent indels in exonic regions for 16 MMR-deficient tumor samples, after additional filter step.

Table 6. Most common recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions for 11 MMR-deficient tumor samples.

Table 7. Most common recurrent indels in exons for 11 MMR-deficient tumor samples. The latter three columns indicate whether the gene is a cancer census gene, whether it has previously been reported to be affected in MMR deficient tumors, and whether mutations in the gene are known to be associated with other cancers.

Table 8. Recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions and in exons for MMR-deficient tumor samples.

Table 9. Standard diagnostic tests to assess MMR-deficiency.

Table 10. Data on the extended Bethesda panel for the three endometrial tumors

Table 11. Tumor samples and clinical information. The table lists detailed information for the three selected tumor samples. All tumors were primary, chemo-naïve tumors from patients without family history of inherited cancers.

Table 12. Results from the calldiff methods applied on the tumor-normal pairs (MMR−1, MMR+1 and MMR+2).

Table 13. Clinical information for additional tumor samples.

Table 14. Standard diagnostic tests to assess MMR-deficiency.

Table 15. Data on the extended Bethesda panel.

Table 16. Overall mutation data after quality filtering and validation.

Table 17. Filtering of false positives from hotspot mutations.

Table 18. List of homopolymers with indels in exonic regions in 11 MMR-deficient tumors.

Table 19. Homopolymer distribution in function of length of the homopolymer.

Table 20. Enrichment in the number of indels occurring in homopolymers of length 8-11 in exomes.

Table 21. Expected and observed indels in homopolymers recurring in 3 of 11 tumors

Table 22. Expected and observed indels in homopolymers recurring in 4 of 11 tumors

Table 23. Genes affected by indels in at least 3 out of 11 MMR-deficient exomes.

Table 24. Distribution of homopolymers in function of their length.

Table 25. Gene expression in normal endometrium.

Table 26. Analysis of genes specific for colorectal cancers with MSI.

Table 27. Clinical information for ovarian and leukemia tumors.

Table 28. Mutation status of MMR genes in ovarian and leukemia tumors.

Table 29. Pathway analysis of genes carrying hotspot mutations.

Table 30. Genes involved in DSB repair by HR pathway.

Table 31. Primary tumor cell cultures.

Table 32. Cell lines, type, subtype and status are identified.

TABLES The patent contains table(s) that have been included at the end of the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

The disclosure will be described with respect to particular embodiments and with reference to certain drawings but the invention is not limited thereto but only by the claims. Any reference signs in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope. The drawings described are only schematic and are non-limiting. In the drawings, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn on scale for illustrative purposes. Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g., “a” or “an,” “the,” this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated.

Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein.

The following terms or definitions are provided solely to aid in the understanding of the invention. Unless specifically defined herein, all terms used herein have the same meaning as they would to one skilled in the art of the disclosure. Practitioners are particularly directed to Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainsview, N.Y. (1989); and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Supplement 47), John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999), for definitions and terms of the art. The definitions provided herein should not be construed to have a scope less than understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “microsatellite” or “microsatellite regions” as used herein refers to mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- or hexanucleotide repeats in a nucleotide sequence, consisting of at least two repeat units and with a minimal length of six bases. A particular subclass of microsatellites includes the homopolymers. “Homopolymer” as used herein refers to a microsatellite region that is a mononucleotide repeat of at least six bases; in other words a stretch of at least six consecutive A, C, T or G residues if looking at the DNA level. Most particularly, when determining microsatellites, one looks at genomic DNA of a subject (or of genomic DNA of a cancer present in the subject).

The term “MSI status” as used in the application refers to the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI), a clonal or somatic change in the number of repeated DNA nucleotide units in microsatellites. MSI status can be one of three discrete classes: MSI-H, also referred to as MSI-high, MSI positive or MSI, MSI-L, also referred to as MSI-low, or microsatellite stable (MSS), also referred to as absence of MSI. Typically, to be classified as MSI-H, at least 20% of the markers used to classify MSI status need to score positive, while for the MSS classification, less than 2.5% score positive. If an intermediate number of markers scores positive, the tumor is classified as MSI-L. Note that, as these initial boundaries are derived from the extended Bethesda marker panel (which consists of only ten markers), as typically fewer than 100 markers will be assessed, and the number of positive markers is a whole number, the percentages are approximate. The difference between MSS and MSI-L will typically be somewhere between 1 and 9% of markers that score positive (when ten markers are assessed, this means that one positive marker results in a MSI-L classification), whereas the difference between MSI-L and MSI-H will typically be between 15 and 25% positive markers (i.e., above that threshold, a tumor is MSI-H, below it is MSI-L). Alternatively, instead of making the distinction in three classes, only the difference between presence and absence of microsatellite instability is assessed, in which case the status is either presence of MSI or absence of MSI (=MSS). Considering the correlation between the absence of an intact mismatch repair (MMR) system and the presence of MSI, diagnosing the presence of MSI (or diagnosing MSI status) can be interpreted as diagnosing MMR deficiency. Note however that MMR can be functional or deficient, there is no intermediate class. Thus, MSI-L also corresponds to MMR deficiency—this situation is equivalent to assessing only the presence or absence of MSI.

“Diagnosing the MSI status of a tumor” or “diagnosing the MSI status of a tumor in a subject” or “diagnosing the MSI status of a subject” or “determining the MSI status of a tumor (or subject)” are all considered synonyms herein. Determining (or diagnosing) the MSI status typically implies drawing the conclusion of MSI based on detecting the presence of one or more indels in the microsatellite regions under investigation, or the conclusion of absence of microsatellite instability based on not detecting indels in the microsatellite regions under investigation. Accordingly, “determining the presence of an indel” in a microsatellite region means assessing or detecting the presence or absence of an indel in said microsatellite region. Likewise, determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions means assessing or detecting the presence or absence of an indel in each of said at least two microsatellite regions. The presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI (as explained in the application, the exact number of positive markers required to establish MSI will depend on the number of markers used).

An “indel” as used herein refers to a mutation class that includes both insertions, deletions, and the combination thereof. An indel in a microsatellite region results in a net gain or loss of nucleotides. The presence of an indel can be established by comparing it to DNA in which the indel is not present (e.g., comparing DNA from a tumor sample to germline DNA from the subject with the tumor), or, especially in case of monomorphic microsatellites or homopolymers, by comparing it to the known length of the microsatellite, particularly by counting the number of repeated units. According to specific embodiments, particularly envisaged indels have a length of between one and five nucleotides (i.e., the length of the microsatellite or homopolymer is one to five nucleotides longer or shorter than the normal known length of the microsatellite or homopolymer). According to further specific embodiments, the indels have a length of one to four nucleotides, one to three nucleotides, or one or two nucleotides. Note that, as indels can be a combination of a insertion and a deletion, the altered nucleic acid sequence may be larger than the length difference (e.g., a deletion of five nucleotides combined with an insertion of three nucleotides leads to an altered length of two, but the sequence of the microsatellite may have changed as well). Most typically however, an indel will be either an insertion or a deletion, typically of one or two nucleotides.

A “monomorphic microsatellite” is one in which all individuals, particularly all individuals of a given population, share the same number of repeat units. This in contrast to a “polymorphic microsatellite,” which is used to refer to microsatellites in which more than 1% of a given population display heterozygosity for the number of repeat units. By way of example, the BAT26 marker is comprised of 26 adenines in more than 99% of ethnic Europeans, whereas alleles with different numbers of adenines at this location (e.g., 15, 20, 22, 23) are seen in up to 25% of ethnic Africans, including African Americans.¹⁷ Thus, BAT26 is a monomorphic microsatellite in Europeans and a polymorphic microsatellite in Africans.¹⁶

A “sample of tumor DNA” refers to any sample that can be used as basis for sequencing, wherein DNA from a cancer is present. The team “cancer” as used herein, refers to different diseases involving unregulated cell growth, also referred to as malignant neoplasm. The term “tumor” is used as a synonym in the application. It is envisaged that this term covers all solid tumor types (carcinoma, sarcoma, blastoma), but it also explicitly encompasses non-solid cancer types such as leukemia, lymphoma or myeloma. Thus, a “sample of tumor DNA” can also be a blood sample from a person with leukemia. Typically, a sample of tumor DNA has at one point been isolated from a subject, particularly a subject with cancer. Optionally, it has undergone one or more forms of pre-treatment (e.g., lysis, fractionation, separation, purification) in order for the DNA to be sequenced, although it is also envisaged that DNA from an untreated sample is sequenced. As used herein, the noun “subject” refers to an individual vertebrate, more particularly an individual mammal, most particularly an individual human being. A “subject” as used herein is typically a human, but can also be a mammal, particularly domestic animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, ferrets, rats, mice, and the like, or farm animals like horses, cows, pigs, goat, sheep, llamas, and the like. A subject can also be a non-mammalian vertebrate, like a fish, reptile, amphibian or bird; in essence any animal which can develop cancer fulfills the definition.

The term “colorectal cancer” as used herein is meant to include malignant neoplasms of colon (C18 in ICD-10), malignant neoplasms of rectosigmoid junction (C19 in ICD-10), malignant neoplasms of rectum (C20 in ICD-10) and malignant neoplasms of anus and anal canal (C21 in ICD-10).

The term “Lynch syndrome” as used herein refers to an autosomal dominant genetic condition which has a high risk of colon or colorectal cancer as well as other cancers including endometrium, ovary, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary tract, upper urinary tract, brain, and skin cancer. The increased risk for these cancers is due to inherited mutations that impair DNA mismatch repair. The old name for the condition is HNPCC.

An “inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme” as used herein refers to a substance that can interfere with the base excision repair function of the gene product, either at the DNA level (by inhibiting the formation of the relevant gene product, i.e., by preventing or interfering with transcription), at the RNA level (by neutralizing or destabilizing mRNA to prevent or interfere with translation) or at the protein level (by neutralizing or inhibiting the protein involved in BER). It is particularly envisaged that the inhibitor is a PARP inhibitor, as such inhibitors are well characterized. Most particularly envisaged are inhibitors of PARP-1 and/or of PARP-2, as these enzymes are the PARPs most actively involved in BER. However, inhibitors of other PARPs may be useful as well. In this regard, recent publications suggest that the PARP inhibitor iniparib, which is explicitly envisaged for use, inhibits other PARPs than PARP-1 and 2, particularly PARP-5 and 6 (J. Ji, M. P. Lee, M. Kadota, et al., “Pharmacodynamic and pathway analysis of three presumed inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase: ABT-888, AZD 2281, and BSI201,” Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr. 2-6; Orlando, Fla. AACR. 2011. Abstract nr 4527; K. A. Maegley, P. Bingham, J. H. Tatlock, et al., “All PARP inhibitors are not equal: an in vitro mechanistic comparison of PF-01367338 to iniparib,” J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29 (suppl; abstr e13576); R. A. Nagourney, K. R. Kenyon, F. R. Francisco, et al., “Functional analysis of PARP inhibitors AZD 2281 and BSI-201 in human tumor primary cultures: a comparison of activity and examination of synergy with cytotoxic drugs,” J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29 (suppl; abstr e13599)).

Examples of PARP inhibitors include, but are not limited to: iniparib, olaparib, rucaparib, veliparib, CEP 9722, MK 4827, BMN-673, and 3-aminobenzamide.

Description

DNA replication errors occurring in mismatch repair (MMR) deficient cells persist as mismatch mutations and predispose to a range of tumors. Here, the first genomes from MMR-deficient tumors were sequenced, allowing the unbiased assessment of DNA replication errors. It was observed that mutation rates were drastically increased relative to MMR-proficient tumors. Insertion or deletion (indel) mutations occurred most frequently and were largely confined to homopolymer stretches, whereas single base pair substitutions mainly consisted of A:T>G:C and G:C>A:T transitions and were more often located nearby indels. As the rates of substitutions were higher nearby somatic indels, this suggests that indel mutations act as mutagenic sites during DNA replication. Due to negative clonal selection, somatic mutation rates were lower in the exome than the rest of the genome, whereas due to positive selection, some exonic mutations occurred in several MMR-deficient tumors. These recurrent mutations specifically affected genes expressed in the normal matched tissue, suggesting that they represent drivers of MMR-deficient tumor progression.

Intriguingly, indels were mainly located in homopolymers, in particular in homopolymers of increased length. These observations also have an immediate clinical implication. The extended Bethesda panel, currently used for the diagnostic classification of MSI tumors^(9, 14, 15) has only limited sensitivity, i.e., 80%, 84% and 55% for MLH1-, MSH2- and MSH6-deficient tumors,¹⁶ presumably because this panel consists of 8 microsatellite and only 2 homopolymer markers, respectively with a length of 25 and 26 nucleotides. By applying a panel of 56 recurrent indels to 114 endometrial tumors, it could be demonstrated that up to 43% of tumors exhibited a variable degree of MSI. This was significantly higher than previously reported, most likely because these indels were not randomly selected, but were identified through an unbiased assessment of mutations recurrently affecting the exome, 5′ and 3′ UTRs. It was also observed that recurrent indels in endometrial tumors were located in MMR tumors of other cancer types. Since indels in 3′ UTRs are only determined by the length of the affected homopolymer, whereas in the exome they need to be positively selected in genes expressed by the tissue of origin, most indels shared among various cancer types were located in 5′ and 3′ UTRs. Therefore, recurrent mutations in 5′ and 3′ UTRs or other non-coding sequences seem to be particularly suitable to detect MSI across various cancer types. Interestingly, a selective panel of the most recurrent mutations was highly sensitive to detect microsatellite instability (MSI) in various cancer types. In 114 primary endometrial tumors, a continuous spectrum of MSI was observed in almost half of the tumors, suggesting that MSI occurs more frequently than anticipated.

As will be detailed in the Examples section, particularly in Example 5, there are particular homopolymers in 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR regions that are more frequently affected by indels in MMR-deficient tumors. A list of the most frequent recurrently mutated genes is provided in Table 1.

Of note, some of the genes listed in Table 1 have more than one recurrent indel in the UTR regions (e.g., CALN1, E1F4G3, KDM5A), which increases the likelihood that these genomic regions are not randomly affected, but underwent positive selection.

Importantly, also homopolymers in exonic regions are more frequently affected by indels in MMR-deficient tumors. As explained in, e.g., Example 4, this is not based on sequence length, but due to positive clonal selection. So although typically less frequently recurrently mutated, these mutations might be drivers of tumor progression. A list of the 31 genes most frequently affected with indels in their exonic regions is provided in Table 2.

As detailed in the Examples section, over 50% of markers taken from Table 1 score positive in a random set of MMR-deficient tumors, while this is also the case for over a third of the exonic markers listed in Table 2. This allows to correctly classify the MMR deficient tumor as MSI positive with high accuracy and certainty.

Accordingly, methods are provided of diagnosing MSI status of a tumor, comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1, wherein the presence of at least one indel is         indicative of MSI.

Particularly, the microsatellite regions are homopolymer regions. They are most particularly identical to the homopolymer regions listed in Table 1 or 2.

It is particularly envisaged to use several markers, as this increases the power of MSI classification and increases sensitivity. Particularly, a mix of UTR markers from Table 1 and exonic markers from Table 2 is used. Several markers may be at least two from each list, but the total number of markers particularly is at least five, at least eight, at least ten, at least twelve, at least fifteen, at least twenty.

Alternatively, instead of Table 1, the markers can be chosen from Table 4, or from Table 6 or Table 8. Instead of Table 2, the markers can be selected from Table 5, or from Table 7 or Table 8.

According to specific embodiments, at least one marker used is an exonic marker in a gene not previously associated with cancer, or in a gene not previously known to be affected in MMR deficient tumors. Thus, it is envisaged that the microsatellite(s) selected from those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 comprises at least one microsatellite present in a gene selected from the list of: SETD1B, RBMXL1, CCDC150, OR7E24, C15orf40, KIAA2018, LTN1, SLC22A9, CDH26, DDX27, EXOSC9, FAM111B, KIAA0182, KIAA1919, MIS18BP1, PRRT2, TMEM60, AQP7, AR V1, CCDC168, ELAVL3, F8, FETUB, HPS1, NBEAL1, P4HTM, PIGB, RBM43, RG9MTD1, SRPR, and TMEM97. According to yet even more specific embodiments, at least one microsatellite is present in a gene selected from the list of: SETD1B, TMEM60, DDX27, EXOSC9, FAM111B, and KIAA1919. According to alternative embodiments, SEC31A, CNOT2, RNF145, RNPC3, SLC35F5, TMBIM4, CD3G, DOCKS, MYO10 and PRRG1 can also be used in these lists.

According to alternative specific embodiments, at least one marker used is an indel in a homopolymer of between 10 and 15 repeat bases situated in a 5′ or 3′ UTR region. Particular examples of such homopolymers include, but are not limited to homopolymers in the 3′ UTR regions of the following list of genes: WIPF2, NARG2, AHCYL1, C17orf63, CD5L, CEP170, COL5A2, CSNK1G3, DIDO1, EIF4G3, GSK3B, KCNMB4, MAPK1IP1L, NPR3, PI15, PRTG, RASGRP1, SH3KBP1, SHROOM3, SLC5A3, UBE2Z, ZBTB33, ZNF275, AGPAT3, APH1B, BCL11A, BMPR1B, CALN1, CASK, CBFB, CBX5, CCDC85C, CNOT7, CYP1B1, DRAM2, EDA2R, EDEM3, EGR1, EIF4G3, FAM20B, FCHSD2, FLT1, FMO2, G3BP2, HELZ, HRNR, IER3IP1, KCNG1, KCNK1, KLF3, LHX9, LRRC8D, LYRM1, MED13, MYO5B, NCEH1, PPP1R12A, PPPIR3D, RAB11FIP1, RAB6C, SAMD12, SEMA6A, SLAIN2, SMAD4, TMED7, TMEM57, TMEM65, TNPO1, TOR1AIP2, TRAK2, TRIP11, UST, VEGFA, ZBTB7A, ZKSCAN1, ZNF12, and ZNF169.

A biomarker panel consisting of a selection of 56 markers taken from Tables 1 and 2 was designed (see Examples section). According to particular embodiments, these markers are used for diagnosing MSI status. These 56 markers are listed in Table 3.

Markers from this panel that are particularly envisaged to be used (as they are particularly sensitive to recurrent occurrence of indels) include one or more from the list of MYL1, DIDO1, UBE2Z, RYR3, TMEM65, BTBD7, KDM5A, ABAT4, PPM1A, UBA6 and ZNF185. Also additionally envisaged are ARL10, GRIA2, and TMC7, particularly when assessing MSI status of colorectal tumors. These are both sensitive and specific (i.e., detect little false positive MSI cases).

According to very specific embodiments, the 56 marker panel can be supplemented with microsatellites from MSH6 (exonic indel) and/or SULF2 (3′ UTR deletion).

According to alternative embodiments, no indels in MSH6 are evaluated, since this is a known MMR deficiency gene. Although MSH3 is also known as a MMR deficiency gene, deficiency of this gene is typically not associated with MSI.²⁷ Nevertheless, according to particular embodiments, no indels in MSH3 are used as marker.

As detailed in the Examples section, an additional filtering step can be applied to the markers of Table 1, excluding markers present as variants in germline of a proprietary genome database. Note that these are all rare variants, since they are not present in dbSNP or in the 1000 Genomes database. This marker list is shown in Table 4 (minimum recurrence in four of sixteen tumor samples).

The same additional filtering has been applied to markers of Table 2; results are listed in Table 5.

According to particular embodiments, genes wherein more than one recurrent indel is present in the UTR regions are particularly suited as marker. In these embodiments, at least one of the genes is selected from the list of ARHGEF11, CBLN2, DIO2, MBNL1 (all 5′ UTR markers), ACVR1C, ANKIB1, ATXN1, BCL11A, BCL11B, BCL7A, BOD1L, BTBD7, C11orf58, C14orf101, CACNB4, CALN1, CANX, CASK, CBFB, CBL, CBX5, CCND1, CCND2, CLCN5, CRTC1, CSNK1E, CYP1B1, DCUN1D5, DDHD1, DLGAP2, DSTYK, DTNA, DUT, DYRK2, EBF1, EFNA5, EIF4G3, ELAVL3, EPS15, ERBB2IP, ERBB4, EVI5, FAM116A, FAM126B, FAM20B, FAM46A, FBN2, FBXO27, FGF9, FGFR1OP2, FOXN2, FOXN3, FOXP1, GABRB2, GDAP2, GNAI2, GSK3B, HAS2, HDAC4, HELZ, HIPK2, HNRNPA3, HNRNPK, HUWE1, IGFBP5, INSR, KDM5A, KIAA0825, KIAA1324, KIF1B, KLHL4, LARP4B, LIN7C, LMO4, LPHN3, LYRM7, MAPIB, MAPK1IP1L, MDM2, MED1, MED13, MED28, MESDC1, MEX3A, MGAT4A, MKLN1, MLL2, NARG2, NCEH1, NPNT, NPR3, NR2F2, NUFIP2, OPA3, OTUD4, OXR1, PALM2, PAPD5, PDGFA, PIGM, PLAGL2, PPP2R3A, PRPF40A, PRTG, RAB11FIP2, RAB8B, RBM12B, RBMS3, RC3H1, RORA, RPRD2, RUNDC3B, SAMD12, SAR1A, SATB2, SDC4, SENP1, SENP5, SH3KBP1, SH3RF1, SIPA1L3, SLAIN2, SLC7A11, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, SORL1, SOST, SOX4, SPCS3, SRRM4, ST7L, SYNJ2BP, TACC1, TFAP2B, TLCD2, TMEM57, TMTC3, TNRC6B, TNRC6C, TRIM66, TRPS1, UBN2, USP43, VEZF1, WDR82, XKR6, XYLT1, ZBTB7A, ZNF238, ZNF737, ZNF740 (all 3′ UTR markers), CPLX4, DDX3X, GABRG2, PIK3R1, PTP4A2, SATB1, SEMA6A, and STK11 (affected in 5′ and 3′ UTR).

Note, however, that genes wherein only one homopolymer is recurrently affected in the UTR regions can be equally good as a marker, e.g., because there is only one homopolymer region in the UTR, or because there is a clear preference for the occurrence of indels in one homopolymer over the other. The latter is for instance seen in UTRs of genes such as CACNB4, EIF4G3, FAM20B, LPHN3 or PRTG, wherein more than one homopolymer is recurrently affected, but one homopolymer is more often affected than the other(s), even though homopolymer length and composition are comparable.

Also genes with exonic regions that are recurrently affected by more than one indel are particularly envisaged as marker. Thus, according to specific embodiments, CASP5, MIAT, TROVE2 and TSIX are particularly envisaged as exonic marker; most particularly CASP5 and TSIX are envisaged.

Another particular list of UTR markers envisaged are those that were identified in the first eleven solid MMR-deficient tumors. This list is provided in Table 6, common recurrent indels are defined as occurring in at least three out of eleven samples.

Likewise, another particular list of exonic markers envisaged are those that were identified in the first eleven solid MMR-deficient tumors. This list is provided in Table 7, common recurrent indels are defined as occurring in at least three out of eleven samples.

A further particular envisaged list from which markers can be selected is listed in Table 8. According to specific embodiments, the at least two UTR microsatellite regions or at least three microsatellite regions (as described above) are regions selected from those listed in Table 8. According to alternative, very specific embodiments however, the markers are selected from Tables 1 and/or 2 and do not contain a marker listed in Table 8. Exemplary markers in this case include, but are not limited to, LLRC8D, SAMD12, SEPT7, CASK, FAM20B, HELZ, KCNK1, LHX9, LYRM1, TMEM26, TRIP11, ZBTB7A, ZKSCAN1, ZNF217, WIPF2, COL5A2, ZBTB33, AGPAT3, BMPR1B, CNOT7, EDEM3, G3BP2, HRNR, KLF3, TNPO1, TRAK2, ZNF169, BDNF, OIT3, CNOT2, LTN1, MBD4, SLC22A9, ATR, CDH26, KIAA2018, RNF145, TGFBR2, and TMBIM4.

According to particular embodiments, the length of the homopolymers used as markers will not exceed 20 nucleotides, or will not exceed 15 nucleotides (e.g., to allow more efficient detection of the presence of an indel). Thus, according to particular embodiments, the markers are selected from, e.g., any of Tables 1 to 8, but only from markers that are shorter than 20 nucleotides, or shorter than 15 nucleotides. This shorter length is particularly advantageous compared to the prior art markers (e.g., the BAT25 and BAT26 marker).

Particularly, in some embodiments the length of the homopolymers used as markers does not exceed 15 nucleotides, 14 nucleotides, 13 nucleotides, 12 nucleotides or even 11 nucleotides. On the other hand, according to particular embodiments, the envisaged homopolymers are at least six nucleotides, at least seven nucleotides, at least eight nucleotides, at least nine nucleotides or even at least ten nucleotides in length. According to particular specific embodiments, it is envisaged that the marker length of at least one marker (and up to all markers used) is between 7 and 15 nucleotides, between 8 and 15 nucleotides, between 8 and 14 nucleotides, between 8 and 13 nucleotides, between 9 and 13 nucleotides, between 10 and 13 nucleotides, between 8 and 12 nucleotides, between 9 and 12 nucleotides, between 8 and 11 nucleotides or between 9 and 11 nucleotides.

Importantly, the above described markers can be used for determining MSI status independent of cancer type. Thus, in principle, diagnosing MSI status can be done with the markers provided herein for every type of cancer. However, since MSI is most often present in cancers with a deficiency in mismatch repair genes, it is particularly envisaged to diagnose MSI status in a tumor sample of tumors where MMR deficiency occurs more frequently than in other types. Accordingly, the cancer sample is typically a sample selected from a cancer of colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome spectrum.

Diagnosing MSI status typically implies drawing the conclusion of detecting the presence of MSI or not (this is equivalent as detecting the absence of MSI). Typically, detecting the presence of MSI will be based on detection of one or more indels in the microsatellite regions under investigation. The more marker genes presented in Tables 1-3 herein that have an indel in a microsatellite region, the higher the chance that the tumor is characterized by microsatellite instability.

Typically, MSI can be classified as MSI-H, MSI-L and MSS. According to particular embodiments, if 20% (or 25%) or more of the microsatellite regions used to diagnose MSI status contains an indel, the tumor is MSI-H, if between 2.5% and 20% (25%) of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is MSI-L, and if less than 2.5% of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is microsatellite stable. According to alternative embodiments, MSI can be classified as MSI-H if 17% or more of the microsatellite regions used to diagnose MSI status contains an indel; if between 2% (or 2.5%) and 17% of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is MSI-L, and if less than 2% (or 2.5%) of the microsatellite regions contains an indel, the tumor is microsatellite stable. The latter classification is particularly preferred when a high number (e.g., 25 or more) of markers are used. Percentages are used rather than absolute numbers, as the number of markers can be varied by a skilled person. As a general guideline, the percentages should more or less correspond to the percentages applied in the well-recognized Bethesda panel. For instance, if eight markers are used, the tumor will be MSS only if none of the microsatellite markers contains an indel; it will be MSI-H if two or more markers are positive, while it will be MSI-L if only one marker contains an indel. Since it is apparent from this example that one positive marker more or less can affect the diagnosis if a limited number of markers is used, it is particularly envisaged to use more markers. This is particularly helpful to reliably classify tumors as MSI-L. For instance, with the 2-17% classification, if the preferred marker panel of 56 markers is used, a tumor is MSS if zero or one marker scores positive, MSI-L if two to nine markers score positive and MSI-H if ten or more markers score positive.

Published work also suggests that MMR− tumors have a distinct response to standard treatments and emerging targeted therapies. Preclinical investigations suggest, for instance, that MMR-deficient tumors show resistance to 5-fluorouracil, anti-EGFR and VEGF therapies.^(25, 26) The precise reason for this heterogeneity is unknown, but presence or absence of secondary (recurrent) mutations as a consequence of MMR-deficiency might determine treatment outcome. For instance, it was observed that a recurrent mutation in KRAS, which acts as an established negative response predictor of anti-EGFR therapies. Interestingly, most recurrent mutations in endometrial tumors also specifically affect genes expressed in the normal endometrium and were differentially expressed in MMR− versus MMR+ tumors, suggesting positive clonal selection of these mutations. The identification of recurrent mutations also reveals several novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of MMR-deficient tumors.

Thus, according to some particular embodiments, the methods of diagnosing MSI status of a tumor, as presented herein, may further comprise a step of choosing the treatment regimen based on the MSI status (i.e., based on whether the tumor was found to be MSI-H, MSI-L or MSS).

The present methods all rely on the detection of indels in microsatellite regions of the genome. Frequently used methodologies for analysis of nucleic acid samples to detect indels will be briefly described. However, any method known in the art can be used in the invention to detect the presence of indels.

a. Allele-Specific Hybridization

This technique, also commonly referred to as allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization (ASO) (e.g., Stoneking et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48:70-382, 1991; Saiki et al., Nature 324, 163-166, 1986; EP 235,726; and WO 89/11548), relies on distinguishing between two DNA molecules differing by one base by hybridizing an oligonucleotide probe that is specific for one of the variants to an amplified product obtained from amplifying the nucleic acid sample. This method typically employs short oligonucleotides, e.g., 15-20 bases in length. The probes are designed to differentially hybridize to one variant versus another. Principles and guidance for designing such probe is available in the art, e.g., in the references cited herein. Hybridization conditions should be sufficiently stringent that there is a significant difference in hybridization intensity between alleles, and producing an essentially binary response, whereby a probe hybridizes to only one of the alleles. Some probes are designed to hybridize to a segment of target DNA such that the polymorphic site aligns with a central position (e.g., in a 15-base oligonucleotide at the 7 position; in a 16-based oligonucleotide at either the 8 or 9 position) of the probe, but this design is not required.

The amount and/or presence of an allele is determined by measuring the amount of allele-specific oligonucleotide that is hybridized to the sample. Typically, the oligonucleotide is labeled with a label such as a fluorescent label. For example, an allele-specific oligonucleotide is applied to immobilized oligonucleotides representing sequences with different microsatellite length. After stringent hybridization and washing conditions, fluorescence intensity is measured for each microsatellite oligonucleotide.

Suitable assay formats for detecting hybrids formed between probes and target nucleic acid sequences in a sample are known in the art and include the immobilized target (dot-blot) format and immobilized probe (reverse dot-blot or line-blot) assay formats. Dot blot and reverse dot blot assay formats are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,310,893; 5,451,512; 5,468,613; and 5,604,099; each incorporated herein by reference.

In a dot-blot format, amplified target DNA is immobilized on a solid support, such as a nylon membrane. The membrane-target complex is incubated with labeled probe under suitable hybridization conditions, unhybridized probe is removed by washing under suitably stringent conditions, and the membrane is monitored for the presence of bound probe.

In the reverse dot-blot (or line-blot) format, the probes are immobilized on a solid support, such as a nylon membrane or a microtiter plate. The target DNA is labeled, typically during amplification by the incorporation of labeled primers. One or both of the primers can be labeled. The membrane-probe complex is incubated with the labeled amplified target DNA under suitable hybridization conditions, unhybridized target DNA is removed by washing under suitably stringent conditions, and the membrane is monitored for the presence of bound target DNA. A reverse line-blot detection assay is described in the example.

b. Allele-Specific Primers

Indels can also be detected using allele-specific amplification or primer extension methods. These reactions typically involve use of primers that are designed to specifically target a polymorphism via a mismatch at the 3′-end of a primer. The presence of a mismatch effects the ability of a polymerase to extend a primer when the polymerase lacks error-correcting activity. For example, to detect an allele sequence using an allele-specific amplification- or extension-based method, a primer complementary to the normal allele of a microsatellite (i.e., without indel) is designed such that the 3′-terminal nucleotide hybridizes with the sequence containing the right number of repeats. The presence of the particular allele can be determined by the ability of the primer to initiate extension. If the 3′-terminus is mismatched, the extension is impeded.

In some embodiments, the primer is used in conjunction with a second primer in an amplification reaction. The second primer hybridizes at a site unrelated to the microsatellite. Amplification proceeds from the two primers leading to a detectable product signifying the particular allelic form is present. Allele-specific amplification- or extension-based methods are described in, for example, WO 93/22456; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,137,806; 5,595,890; 5,639,611; and 4,851,331.

Using allele-specific amplification-based genotyping, identification of the alleles requires only detection of the presence or absence of amplified target sequences. Methods for the detection of amplified target sequences are well known in the art. For example, gel electrophoresis and probe hybridization assays described are often used to detect the presence of nucleic acids.

In an alternative probe-less method, the amplified nucleic acid is detected by monitoring the increase in the total amount of double-stranded DNA in the reaction mixture, is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,056; and European Patent Publication Nos. 487,218 and 512,334. The detection of double-stranded target DNA relies on the increased fluorescence various DNA-binding dyes, e.g., SYBR Green, exhibit when bound to double-stranded DNA.

As appreciated by one in the art, allele-specific amplification methods can be performed in reactions that employ multiple allele-specific primers to target particular alleles. Primers for such multiplex applications are generally labeled with distinguishable labels or are selected such that the amplification products produced from the alleles are distinguishable by size. Thus, for example, both alleles in a single sample can be identified using a single amplification by gel analysis of the amplification product.

As in the case of allele-specific probes, an allele-specific oligonucleotide primer may be exactly complementary to one of the polymorphic alleles in the hybridizing region or may have some mismatches at positions other than the 3′-terminus of the oligonucleotide, which mismatches occur at non-polymorphic sites in both allele sequences.

c. Detectable Probes

i) 5′-Nuclease Assay Probes

Genotyping can also be performed using a “TAQMAN®” or “5′-nuclease assay,” as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,210,015; 5,487,972; and 5,804,375; and Holland et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7276-7280. In the TAQMAN® assay, labeled detection probes that hybridize within the amplified region are added during the amplification reaction. The probes are modified so as to prevent the probes from acting as primers for DNA synthesis. The amplification is performed using a DNA polymerase having 5′- to 3′-exonuclease activity. During each synthesis step of the amplification, any probe which hybridizes to the target nucleic acid downstream from the primer being extended is degraded by the 5′- to 3′-exonuclease activity of the DNA polymerase. Thus, the synthesis of a new target strand also results in the degradation of a probe, and the accumulation of degradation product provides a measure of the synthesis of target sequences.

The hybridization probe can be an allele-specific probe that discriminates between the alleles with and without indels. Alternatively, the method can be performed using an allele-specific primer and a labeled probe that binds to amplified product.

Any method suitable for detecting degradation product can be used in a 5′-nuclease assay. Often, the detection probe is labeled with two fluorescent dyes, one of which is capable of quenching the fluorescence of the other dye. The dyes are attached to the probe, usually one attached to the 5′-terminus and the other is attached to an internal site, such that quenching occurs when the probe is in an unhybridized state and such that cleavage of the probe by the 5′- to 3′-exonuclease activity of the DNA polymerase occurs in between the two dyes. Amplification results in cleavage of the probe between the dyes with a concomitant elimination of quenching and an increase in the fluorescence observable from the initially quenched dye. The accumulation of degradation product is monitored by measuring the increase in reaction fluorescence. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,491,063 and 5,571,673, both incorporated herein by reference, describe alternative methods for detecting the degradation of probe which occurs concomitant with amplification.

ii) Secondary Structure Probes

Probes detectable upon a secondary structural change are also suitable for detection of a polymorphism, including indels. Exemplified secondary structure or stem-loop structure probes include molecular beacons or SCORPION® primer/probes. Molecular beacon probes are single-stranded oligonucleic acid probes that can form a hairpin structure in which a fluorophore and a quencher are usually placed on the opposite ends of the oligonucleotide. At either end of the probe short complementary sequences allow for the formation of an intramolecular stem, which enables the fluorophore and the quencher to come into close proximity. The loop portion of the molecular beacon is complementary to a target nucleic acid of interest. Binding of this probe to its target nucleic acid of interest forms a hybrid that forces the stem apart. This causes a conformation change that moves the fluorophore and the quencher away from each other and leads to a more intense fluorescent signal. Molecular beacon probes are, however, highly sensitive to small sequence variation in the probe target (S. Tyagi and F. R. Kramer, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 14, pages 303-308 (1996); Tyagi et al., Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pages 49-53(1998); Piatek et al., Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pages 359-363 (1998); S. Marras et al., Genetic Analysis: Biomolecular Engineering, Vol. 14, pages 151-156 (1999); I. Tpp et al, BioTechniques, Vol 28, pages 732-738 (2000)). A SCORPION® primer/probe comprises a stem-loop structure probe covalently linked to a primer.

d. DNA Sequencing and Single Base Extensions

Indels can also be detected by direct sequencing. Methods include, e.g., dideoxy sequencing-based methods and other methods such as Maxam and Gilbert sequence (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra).

Other detection methods include PYROSEQUENCING™ of oligonucleotide-length products. Such methods often employ amplification techniques such as PCR. For example, in pyrosequencing, a sequencing primer is hybridized to a single stranded, PCR-amplified, DNA template; and incubated with the enzymes, DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase and apyrase, and the substrates, adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate (APS) and luciferin. The first of four deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) is added to the reaction. DNA polymerase catalyzes the incorporation of the deoxynucleotide triphosphate into the DNA strand, if it is complementary to the base in the template strand. Each incorporation event is accompanied by release of pyrophosphate (PPi) in a quantity equimolar to the amount of incorporated nucleotide. ATP sulfurylase quantitatively converts PPi to ATP in the presence of adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate. This ATP drives the luciferase-mediated conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin that generates visible light in amounts that are proportional to the amount of ATP. The light produced in the luciferase-catalyzed reaction is detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera and seen as a peak in a PYROGRAM™. Each light signal is proportional to the number of nucleotides incorporated. Apyrase, a nucleotide degrading enzyme, continuously degrades unincorporated dNTPs and excess ATP. When degradation is complete, another dNTP is added.

Another similar method for characterizing indels does not require use of a complete PCR, but typically uses only the extension of a primer by a single, fluorescence-labeled dideoxyribonucleic acid molecule (ddNTP) that is complementary to the nucleotide to be investigated. The nucleotide at the polymorphic site can be identified via detection of a primer that has been extended by one base and is fluorescently labeled (e.g., Kobayashi et al, Mol. Cell. Probes, 9:175-182, 1995).

e. Electrophoresis

Amplification products generated using the polymerase chain reaction can be analyzed by the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Different alleles can be identified based on the different sequence-dependent melting properties and electrophoretic migration of DNA in solution (see, e.g., Erlich, ed., PCR Technology, Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, W.H. Freeman and Co, New York, 1992, Chapter 7).

Distinguishing of microsatellite polymorphisms can be done using capillary electrophoresis. Capillary electrophoresis conveniently allows identification of the number of repeats in a particular microsatellite allele. The application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of DNA polymorphisms is well known to those in the art (see, for example, Szantai et al., J. Chromatogr. A. (2005) 1079(1-2):41-9; Bjorheim and Ekstrom, Electrophoresis (2005) 26(13):2520-30; and Mitchelson, Mol. Biotechnol. (2003) 24(1):41-68).

f. Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism Analysis

Alleles of target sequences can be differentiated using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, which identifies base differences by alteration in electrophoretic migration of single stranded PCR products, as described, e.g., in Orita et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86, 2766-2770 (1989). Amplified PCR products can be generated as described above, and heated or otherwise denatured, to form single stranded amplification products. Single-stranded nucleic acids may refold or form secondary structures which are partially dependent on the base sequence. The different electrophoretic mobilities of single-stranded amplification products can be related to base-sequence difference between alleles of target genes.

g. Melting Curve Analysis

Melting curve analysis is an assessment of the dissociation-characteristics of double-stranded DNA during heating. As the temperature is raised, the double strand begins to dissociate leading to a rise in the absorbance intensity, hyperchromicity. The temperature at which 50% of DNA is denatured is known as the melting point (not to be confused with the term melting point used in physics). The energy required to break the base-base hydrogen bonding between two strands of DNA is dependent on their length, GC content and their complementarity. Due to the fact that G-C base pairings have three hydrogen bonds between them while A-T base pairs have only two, DNA with a higher G-C content will have a higher melting temperature than DNA with a higher A-T content. By heating a reaction-mixture that contains double-stranded DNA sequences and measuring dissociation against temperature, the presence and identity of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) can be determined.

Originally, strand dissociation was observed using UV absorbance measurements, but techniques based on fluorescence measurements are now the most common approach. The temperature-dependent dissociation between two DNA-strands can be measured using a DNA-intercalating fluorophore such as SYBR green, EvaGreen or fluorophore-labelled DNA probes.

A variant technique is the High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis. Many dyes and high resolution instruments are commercially available to perform melting curve analysis or HRM; including most qPCR machines.

Indel detection methods often employ labeled oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides can be labeled by incorporating a label detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, or chemical means. Useful labels include fluorescent dyes, radioactive labels, e.g., 32P, electron-dense reagents, enzyme, such as peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase, biotin, or haptens and proteins for which antisera or monoclonal antibodies are available. Labeling techniques are well known in the art (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra).

The microsatellite indel markers provided herein can be detected using any of these technologies, or others—the marker panel is independent of the technology used. However, it is particularly envisaged that determining the presence of an indel is not done through a method based on Sanger sequencing. This because the process of detecting microsatellite instability using the Bethesda marker panel is typically done through Sanger sequencing, a protocol that proves quite cumbersome. According to further embodiments, it is particularly envisaged to determine the presence of an indel through single base pair extension methods (such as a Sequenom MassArray), DNA hybridization technologies (e.g., TAQMAN®), melting curve analysis, or a similar technology.

According to another aspect, the biomarker panel as described herein is provided for use as a medicament. Particularly, the biomarker panel as described herein is provided for use as a diagnostic. It is particularly envisaged that this biomarker panel can be used to detect MSI status in cancer, or for determining MSI in a tumor sample. Accordingly, the use of this biomarker panel is provided in the diagnosis of microsatellite instability (or of MSI status) in cancer.

Although the use of fewer markers is also explicitly envisaged, particularly suited biomarker panels for determining MSI in a tumor sample are biomarker panels comprising at least eight markers (microsatellite regions). Such biomarker panel comprises at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2. The at least eight markers may be at least 10 markers, at least 12 markers, at least 16 markers, at least 20 markers, at least 25 markers or even more. According to very particular embodiments, the biomarker panel comprises at least half of the microsatellite regions listed in Table 3. According to yet even further particular embodiments, the biomarker panel is represented by the 56 microsatellite regions listed in Table 3.

According to particular embodiments, the markers are selected from those that are most recurrent, i.e., markers occurring in at least a third or at least half of the MMR-deficient tumors. Accordingly, markers are selected from the markers occurring at least 5 times out of 16 (e.g., in Tables 1 and 2, or in Tables 4 and 5), 6 times out of 16, 7 times out of 16 or at least 8 times out of 16 tumors. Or they occur at least 4 times out of 11 (e.g., in Tables 6 and 7), at least 5 times out of 11, at least 6 times out of 11 tumors.

According to yet other embodiments, a kit is provided for determining MSI in a tumor sample, comprising the tools to genotype the biomarker panel (i.e., the at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2). Most particularly, the kit will be adapted to the particularly envisaged biomarker panel(s). According to specific embodiments, the kit may also contain the tools to genotype the Bethesda panel of markers, or the extended Bethesda panel of markers. Such kits are particularly suited to do a side-by-side comparison of the markers with the Bethesda panel. It is also envisaged that a kit only takes a subset of the Bethesda panel of markers (e.g., one to five markers instead of all ten). In such case, the BAT25 and BAT26 markers are explicitly envisaged to be included, since these are generally considered most reliable. Needless to say, this also means that methods of diagnosing MSI described herein may also further contain a step of determining the status of one or more markers of the extended Bethesda marker panel (in addition to the use of the markers described herein).

As shown in the Examples section (particularly Examples 8 and 9), the indel markers provided herein are enriched in genes involved in DNA double-strand break repair pathways, and affect their functionality. As a consequence, cells in which these markers are present are sensitive to synthetic lethality by inhibition of DNA base excision repair. This offers new therapeutic opportunities, as MSI positive tumors are often resistant to standard chemotherapies used.

Accordingly, in a further aspect, methods are provided of screening sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, comprising determining MSI status in the cancer cells. According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome. According to further specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer resistant to a standard therapy. It is particularly envisaged that such standard therapy is selected from 5-FU (5-fluorouracil, Efudex), carboplatin, cisplatin, or targeted therapy (particularly targeted therapy directed against EGFR (e.g., gefitinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, panitumumab), or against Braf. Although these methods can in principle be performed in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro, it is particularly envisaged that they are performed in vitro.

According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is indicative of sensitivity of the cancer cells to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme; i.e., the cancer cells will die, stop growing or proliferate less when treated with such inhibitor.

According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are cells obtained from a subject, and the screening of sensitivity to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is used in guiding the treatment of the subject. According to alternative embodiments, the screening of sensitivity is used in stratifying or classifying the subject for a clinical trial.

According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are:

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2. According to even further specific embodiments, the biomarker panel comprises at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those listed in Table 3.

According to very specific embodiments, the methods may also comprise a step of sequencing genes involved in the homologous recombination pathway.

Thus, not only methods of screening sensitivity of cancer cells are provided, but also methods of diagnosing sensitivity of a subject with cancer to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, comprising the steps of:

-   -   determining the MSI status in a sample of cancer cells obtained         from the subject;     -   correlating the MSI status to sensitivity to treatment with an         inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, wherein the         presence of MSI is indicative for sensitivity to the treatment.

Optionally, these methods contain an additional step of obtaining a sample of cancer cells from the subject (prior to the determining step). Determining the MSI status is then typically done in the cells of the obtained sample. It is particularly envisaged that determining the MSI status in a sample of cancer cells is performed in vitro.

According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome (or any other tumor of the Lynch syndrome spectrum). According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are:

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

It is also envisaged that methods according to this aspect may contain a further step of treating the subject with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme (if the subject is sensitive to such treatment, as determined by the MSI status).

Thus, also methods are provided for treating a cancer with MSI (or, equivalently, MMR deficiency) in a subject in need thereof, comprising:

-   -   establishing the presence of MSI in the cancer;     -   administration of an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair         enzyme to the subject.

For methods relating to diagnosing sensitivity of a subject with cancer to treatment with an inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme, or to treating a subject having cancer with MSI, it is particularly envisaged that this cancer is resistant to at least one standard therapy, particularly a standard therapy selected from 5-FU (5-fluorouracil, Efudex), carboplatin, cisplatin, or targeted therapy (particularly targeted therapy directed against EGFR (e.g., gefitinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, panitumumab), or against Braf.

It is envisaged that the cancer is treated by administering the inhibitor to the subject. The methods may optionally have an additional step of obtaining a sample of cancer cells from the subject (prior to the step of determining MSI, and establishing the presence of MSI).

According to particular embodiments, the inhibitor of a DNA base excision repair enzyme is a PARP inhibitor. According to specific embodiments, the cancer cells are from a cancer selected from the list of: colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, leukemia, and a tumor of the Lynch syndrome. According to particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established by a method described herein, i.e., a method comprising determining the presence of an indel in at least two microsatellite regions in a sample of the tumor DNA, wherein the at least two microsatellite regions are:

-   -   at least two microsatellite regions present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR         regions from the genes listed in Table 1, or     -   at least three microsatellite regions selected from those         present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2 and/or         present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in         Table 1,     -   wherein the presence of at least one indel is indicative of MSI.

According to further particular embodiments, the presence of MSI is established using a biomarker panel as described herein, i.e., a biomarker panel comprising at least eight microsatellite regions selected from those present in 5′ UTR or 3′ UTR regions from the genes listed in Table 1 and those present in the exons of the genes listed in Table 2.

It is to be understood that although particular embodiments, specific configurations as well as materials and/or molecules, have been discussed herein for cells and methods according to the disclosure, various changes or modifications in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. The following examples are provided to better illustrate particular embodiments, and they should not be considered limiting the application. The application is limited only by the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Whole-genome Sequencing of an Endometrial Tumor with MMR-deficiency

To select MMR-deficient tumors for whole-genome sequencing, standard diagnostic tests were used, including immunohistochemistry of MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6), assessment of microsatellite instability (MSI) using the extended Bethesda panel (Pinol et al., 2005) and methylation profiling of the MLH1 promoter. Results for immunohistochemistry and MLH1 promoter hypermethylation are shown as the top three lines in Table 9. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was analyzed at ten different loci containing mono- or dinucleotide repeat sequences (respectively, two and eight markers), using the panel recommended by the international guidelines for evaluation of MSI, i.e., the revised Bethesda panel (Boland et al., 1998; Dietmaier et al., 1997). PCR amplifications were performed in two pentaplexes: Multiplex A (BAT25, BAT26, D5S346, D17S250, D2S123) and multiplex B (BAT40, D17S787, D18S58, D18S69, TGFβ-RII). The forward primers were labeled with 6-FAM, HEX, VIC or TET. The amplicons from tumor and normal DNA of the same patient were analyzed on an ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Tumor 1 was strongly positive for 7 out of 8 successful markers, whereas the two other tumors were negative. This confirms that Tumor 1 is MMR-deficient. Results are summarized in Table 10. More information on the tumor samples is included in Table 11.

One MMR-deficient EM tumor, exhibiting a positive MSI status and absence of MSH6 expression (Table 9), and two MMR-proficient EM tumors were selected. Using COMPLETE GENOMICS® (CG) technology, high coverage sequencing data of the tumor and matched normal samples (on average 95.2× and 77.1x, respectively) was obtained, which were subsequently analyzed using a previously developed annotation and filtering pipeline (Reumers et al., 2011). The MMR-deficient tumor exhibited a clear hypermutator phenotype, containing significantly more novel somatic mutations than the other tumors using the verified CGATOOLS™ calldiff method (http://cgatools.sourceforge.net) (Table 12, somatic mutations using calldiff). This algorithm is designed to find differences between two genomes from the same individual, such as a tumor-normal pair.

Next, a quality score threshold was applied based on the independent validation of randomly selected mutations, resulting in an overall accuracy of mutation calling estimated at 94.6%. This confirmed that the mutation load of the MMR-deficient tumor was 20.3-fold higher (FIG. 1a and Table 12). Detailed inspection of somatic variants in the hypermutator sample revealed a somatic frame shift insertion in exon 5 of MSH6 (F1088fs; Note S2) that was consistent with absence of MSH6 expression. No mutations were found in DNA polymerases, such as POLE. In fact, of the 34 known DNA polymerases only REV3L was somatically mutated in the hypermutator. However, since REV3L is involved in translesion DNA synthesis, it is unlikely that a mutation in REV3L causes a hypermutator phenotype. Further, copy number analysis was performed using the ASCAT algorithm (Van Loo et al., 2010). ASCAT is specifically designed to detect copy number aberrations in tumor samples. It accurately determines allele-specific copy numbers in solid tumors by estimating and adjusting for overall tumor ploidy and the effective tumor fraction in the sample. Unlike MMR-proficient tumors, the hypermutator is a chromosomal stable tumor (data not shown).

Table 9. Standard Diagnostic Tests to Assess MMR-deficiency

All tumors were sequenced using either Complete Genomics (CG) whole-genome sequencing technology or Truseq exome enrichment combined with Illumina sequencing technology. For each tumor, microsatellite instability (MSI) using the extended Bethesda panel, standard immunohistochemistry of MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6), and methylation status of the MLH1 promoter are shown. Asterisks (*) indicate the presence of a weak positive nuclear staining in the minority of the tumor cells.

Example 2 Somatic Mutation Patterns in the MSH6-deficient Hypermutator

Studies in model organisms and cell lines revealed that somatic mutations arising due to MMR-deficiency mostly involve insertion/deletions (indels) that affect microsatellite sequences (di- to hexa-nucleotide repeats with a minimal length of six bases and at least two repeat units) and homopolymers (mononucleotide repeats with a minimal length of six bases) (Ellegren, 2004). In order to test this hypothesis, the genome was stratified into four different classes using the following definitions:

-   -   Microsatellite regions: di-, tri-, tetra, penta- or         hexanucleotide repeats consisting of at least two repeat units         and with a minimal length of six bases.     -   Homopolymer regions: mononucleotide repeats with a minimal         length of six bases.     -   Short homopolymer regions: mononucleotide repeats of three, four         or five bases in length.     -   Non-repeat regions: the remainder of the genome, i.e., every         base that is not part of a simple repeat sequence.

The genomic regions following these definitions were determined by scanning the sequence files (in FASTA format) using the “grepseq” tool (http://code.google.com/p/grepseq/). At the whole genome level, the overall repeat composition was as follows: microsatellites (7.9%), homopolymers (1.9%), short homopolymers (19.8%), and not in repeat regions (70.4%).

In a hypermutator, it was observed that somatic mutations are more frequently located in homopolymers than expected based on their genome-wide occurrence (not shown). It was observed that somatic mutations accumulate more frequently in homopolymers (47.7%) compared to their genome-wide occurrence (1.9%). 35.5%, 10.7% and 6.2% of the somatic mutations were located in non-repeat regions, short homopolymers and microsatellites, respectively. Compared to the genome-wide occurrence of these regions (i.e., 70.4%, 19.8% and 7.9% for non-repeat, short homopolymers and microsatellites, respectively), somatic mutations were less frequently affected in these regions than expected.

Further, it was observed that indels were indeed more frequent than single base pair substitutions (57.4% indels versus 42.6% substitutions; FIG. 1b ), but predominantly affected homopolymers (81.3%) and not microsatellites (FIG. 1c ). Substitutions did not preferentially affect homopolymers or microsatellites (FIG. 1d ). Mutations occurred as frequently in introns as in the rest of the genome, but clearly less in exons (excluding 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs)). For indels, this decrease was more pronounced than for substitutions (74.7% versus 14.3%; FIGS. 1e, 1f ). Correction for the number of homopolymers or the length of homopolymers in exonic, intergenic and intronic regions confirmed that this reduction could not be ascribed to fewer or shorter homopolymers. Most exonic indels resulted in heterozygous frame shift mutations (160 frame shift versus three non-frame shift indels), suggesting that they are loss-of-function mutations undergoing negative clonal selection.

Somatic Substitutions in the MSH6-deficient Hypermutator

Studies assessing somatic substitutions in UV-light-induced melanoma (Pleasance et al., 2010a) and tobacco smoke-induced lung adenocarcinoma (Pleasance et al., 2010b) revealed that, respectively, G:C>A:T transitions and G:C>T:A transversions, occur frequently in these tumors. When assessing somatic substitutions in a hypermutator, a clearly distinct pattern, in which 71.5% of all substitutions represented A:T>G:C and G:C>A:T transitions compared to only 50.1% in MMR-proficient tumors, was observed (FIG. 2a ). Remarkably, in the hypermutator, G:C>A:T transitions most frequently occurred in the context of a CG dinucleotide (where C is undergoing the substitution and G represents the following nucleotide), whereas A:T>G:C transitions occurred independently of the dinucleotide context and more frequently than in MMR-proficient tumors (FIGS. 2b, 2c ).

Next, to identify those features that provide a best fit to the hypermutator mutation pattern, linear regression was used to correlate the various types of substitutions with nine genomic features previously implicated in explaining genetic variability in the human population (Hodgkinson and Eyre-Walker, 2011) (FIG. 2d ; the nine features are distance to telomere, replication time, simple repeats, GC composition, CpG content, CpG island, Gene content, DNase hypersensitivity, and Nuclear lamina binding sites). Although a correlation with gene content was not observed, DNAse hypersensitivity or lamina-associated domains (not shown), the distance to telomere, replication time, simple repeat content, GC composition (GC %), CpG frequency and CpG island fraction represented significant and independent predictors. Overall, it was observed a better predictive model for transitions than transversions (R²=0.22 versus 0.07, respectively; FIG. 2d ), whereas at the individual level, the following relevant correlations were observed. First of all, a positive correlation between replication time and transitions, but not transversions (FIG. 2e ) was found, indicating that reduced fidelity of DNA replication in late S phase increases transition mutations but not transversions, suggesting that the previously observed increase in late S phase transversions (Koren et al., 2012) can be attributed to a reduced MMR activity at that time, as the lack of an MMR machinery constitutes the major difference between the current and the previously investigated data sets. Secondly, for simple repeats, a 42% increase in substitutions at bases immediately flanking homopolymers was observed. This was true both for transitions and transversions, and most probably relates to DNA polymerase stalling within repetitive DNA sequences leading to error-prone replication (Hodgkinson and Eyre-Walker, 2011). Thirdly, GC % inversely correlated with transition and transversion frequencies. This was described previously in numerous organisms, and although a dominant model to explain this correlation is yet to emerge, the data indicate that differential MMR activity does not contribute to this effect. Fourthly, G:C>A:T transitions in CpG sites strongly depend on CpG content, but are inversely correlated with the fraction of CpG islands (FIG. 2d ). Because most CpGs in the genome, except for those in CpG islands, are methylated, this indicates a link with cytosine methylation similar to deamination-driven mutations, whereby CG>TG transitions arise through the spontaneous, replication-independent process of cytosine deamination. As MMR is canonically considered replication-associated, the much larger increase in CG>TG transitions observed in MMR-deficient compared to MMR-proficient tumors (3042 versus 452 mutations) demonstrates that replication-independent, non-canonical MMR, which was recently described at the molecular level (Hombauer et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2008; Pena-Diaz et al., 2012), is important for genome integrity. Finally, CpG island frequencies were inversely related to overall mutation frequencies. Indeed, bases outside CpG islands were nearly two times more likely to undergo mutation than those inside CpG islands (FIG. 2f ). Negative selection is unlikely to explain this decrease, since exonic substitutions are not decreased to the same extent. DNA methylation offers an alternative explanation through the polymerase stalling that it can induce (Song et al., 2012), although another possibility is through deamination repair, which can be catalyzed by error-prone polymerases.

Overall, most genomic features that correlate with mutation frequency in the general population also correlate with somatic substitutions in the MMR-deficient tumor, suggesting that a considerable portion of human genetic diversity arises due to mismatches that escape MMR. In support of this notion, it was observed very similar mutation frequencies in somatic and germ-line DNA of the hypermutator, in the 1000 Genomes Project and the mouse dbSNP databases (respectively 71.5%, 68.3%, 66.9% and 67.1% of all substitutions represented transitions). In particular, the somatic substitution frequency per chromosomal unit (100 kb) in the hypermutator was strongly correlated with the number of matched germ-line (R²=0.90 and 1000 Genomes Project SNPs (R²=0.90) in the same unit, but not with the somatic substitution frequency in the lung adenocarcinoma or melanoma genomes (R²=0.53 and 0.37).

Somatic Indels in the MSH6-deficient Hypermutator

Next, the somatic indel pattern in the hypermutator was evaluated. As expected, since the majority of indels was located in homopolymers, a strong correlation between simple repeats and indel frequency was observed (FIG. 2g ). Almost all indels affected A or T homopolymers (94.0%; FIG. 2h ), but since 92.2% of homopolymers consist of A or T bases, C or G homopolymers seem equally prone to accumulate indels. Additionally, up to 96.4% of indels consisted of 1 or 2 bp frame shifts (FIG. 2i ), thereby confirming that MSH6 is mainly involved in the repair of 1 or 2 bp indels. Deletions were slightly less frequent than insertions (47.7% versus 52.3%; P<10E-6). When calculating for every somatic substitution the distance to the closest somatic indel, it was observed that substitutions were, respectively, 3.8 and 3.4 times more frequently located within a distance <5 or <10 bp than expected based on a random distribution of substitutions and indels (FIG. 2j ). Similarly, although there was no evidence of kataegis (somatic storms) (Nik-Zainal et al., 2012), somatic substitutions clustered 7.6 times more frequently than predicted by random modeling (FIG. 2k ). The same clustering of substitutions was observed in the MMR-proficient tumors (not shown), albeit at a lower overall frequency, suggesting that the occurrence of these clusters is suppressed by MMR. Remarkably, these observations are similar to eukaryotic genomes, in which the number of substitutions is elevated near other substitutions and indels (McDonald et al., 2011; Tian et al., 2008).

Example 3 Exome Sequencing of Mismatch Repair Deficient and Proficient Tumors and their Matched Normal Samples

Ten additional MMR-deficient EM and CRC tumors were selected characterized by the absence of either MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6, as well as 4 MMR-proficient tumors (Table 9, Table 13). Thus, in total, fourteen tumor-normal pairs were collected for exome sequencing, including eleven endometrial tumors (EM) and their matched germ-line samples and three colorectal tumors (CRC) and their matched germ-line pairs. All tumors were primary, chemo-naïve tumors. Tumor DNA was derived from fresh frozen tumor tissue, while matched germ-line DNA for these samples was extracted from peripheral white blood cells. Detailed clinical information for all these samples is listed in Table 13. Additionally, five primary endometrial tumor cell lines that are MMR-deficient were included in the analysis, so that a total of sixteen MMR-deficient tumor samples is reached.

3.1 Standard Diagnostics Tests

Tables 14 and 15 below describe the results of standard diagnostic tests in MSI determination (immunohistochemistry of MMR genes MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6; hypermethylation status of the MLH1 promoter regions; microsatellite instability using the extended Bethesda panel of eight dinucleotide and two mononucleotide repeat markers) performed on the sequenced endometrial and colon tumors. In the immunohistochemistry experiments, an asterisk (*) indicates weak positive nuclear staining in a minority of the tumor cells. Classification of MMR-deficiency status was performed using immunohistochemistry of the major MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6). When either of these proteins were absent in the nucleus of tumor cells, the tumor was classified as MMR-deficient (MMR-), otherwise as MMR-proficient (MMR+).

For the microsatellite instability test, detailed results for all markers included in the extended Bethesda panel are listed below.

Remarkably, the MMR-4, 7 and 8 tumors were negative for either MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6 as assessed by immunohistochemistry, but failed to be identified as MSI-positive tumors using the Bethesda panel. This observation most likely illustrates that the current Bethesda panel for the diagnosis of MSI fails to recognize a number of MSI-positive tumors. However, using an improved panel of 56 markers (Table 3, and Example 7), these MMR-deficient tumors were confirmed to be MSI-positive.

3.2 Sequencing, Mapping and Variant Calling for Exomes Sequenced with Illumina's HiSeq2000 Technology

Exome-sequencing of tumor and matched germ-line DNA using an independent sequencing technology (ILLUMINA®) revealed that each MMR-deficient tumor on average contained 1,497 somatic events versus 39 for MMR-proficient tumors (38.9-fold increase; FIG. 3a ). In MMR-deficient tumors, a large majority of these (78.4%) represented substitutions (FIG. 3b ), most of which were A:T>G:C and G:C>A:T transitions (81.5%). The remaining mutations represented somatic indels, which were highly enriched in homopolymers (55.9%).

Briefly, exomes were captured using Illumina's TruSeq Exome Enrichment Kit (8 rxns), after enrichment, the enriched libraries were subjected to Illumina sequencing (HiSeq 2000). Paired-end sequencing (2×75 bp) was performed with TruSeq SBS kits. BWA was used to align the raw reads from each sequencing lane (in fastq format) to the human reference genome (NCBI37/hg19) using default parameters. Aligned reads were processed and sorted with SAMtools (v.0.1.13) and PCR duplicates were removed with Picard MarkDuplicates (http://picard.sourceforge.net, v1.32). Base recalibration, local realignment around indels and single nucleotide variant calling were performed using the GenomeAnalysisToolKit (GATK v1.0.4487). Additionally, all the common variants were filtered from the somatic mutation lists. This was done using various data tracks, which were applied to the variant lists using the intersected command of BEDTools (Quinlan and Hall, 2010). Somatic substitutions and indels were validated using Sequenom MassARRAY genotyping. Overall mutation data after quality filtering and validation are given in Table 16.

Context-dependent effects revealed a strong CG effect for G:C>A:T transitions (FIG. 3c ). Intriguingly, germ-line de novo substitutions identified by exome-sequencing showed similar context-dependent effects, confirming the notion that mutations underlying human genetic variation and disease often arise due to mismatches that escape MMR (FIG. 3d ). Furthermore, although the number of somatic events was slightly higher in CRC than EM tumors (on average, 2,278 versus 1,161 events), clear differences in the mutation pattern were not observed between both cancer types (not shown).

Likewise, stratification of mutation patterns according to MLH1- or MSH2-deficiency failed to reveal obvious differences. In particular, although it was observed that indels were slightly more common in microsatellites (12.0% and 11.2% versus 5.4% in the hypermutator exome), homopolymers were still most frequently affected (FIG. 3e ), confirming that indels in MLH1 or MSH2-deficient tumors preferentially affect homopolymers, rather than microsatellites.

Example 4 Positive Clonal Selection and Recurrent Mutations in MMR-deficient Tumors

4.1 Analysis of Recurrently Affected Homopolymers (Hotspot Mutations)

Whereas the mutation frequency observed in the exomes of MMR-deficient tumors revealed evidence of negative selection, some mutations may also be subject to positive selection. Such mutations are more likely to appear as hotspot (recurrent) mutations. Thus, it was assessed how many homopolymers were recurrently affected in MMR-deficient tumors. The ten MMR-deficient exomes, together with the exome extracted from the hypermutator whole-genome, were therefore analyzed for the occurrence of recurrent substitutions and indels. Two sets of recurrent mutations were generated: data for substitutions or indels recurring in at least three, or at least four out of eleven tumors.

Hotspot mutations were detected in eleven MMR-deficient tumors. Variant lists for mutations recurring in three (four) or more samples were generated. It was first sought to exclude the fact that these hotspot mutations represent sequencing errors. The chance that hotspot mutations are false-positive exists, as they can be generated either by systematic false-positive variant calls in the tumors or by systematic false-negative calls in the normal samples. An additional filtering step was performed. In particular, all variants identified in each of the eleven endometrial normal exomes and three colorectal normal exomes were collected. Each hotspot mutation that was also present as a germ-line variant in at least one of these exomes was considered a systematic error and was removed from the dataset. This resulted in a large reduction in recurrent substitutions, while the effect on recurring indels was very limited (Table 17).

The five hotspot substitutions in three or more tumors were subjected to Sequenom validation. Of these substitutions, only one was confirmed. In addition, all indels recurring in four or more samples were attempted to be verified. Of these 44 recurrent indels, 26 indels could be successfully genotyped and were all confirmed using Sequenom genotyping (100% validation rate). Given the high validation rate of recurrent and non-recurrent somatic indels, further validations for the remaining indels (n=18) were not pursued, but considered all recurrent indels as true positive indels.

Since in MMR-deficient tumors, indels were mainly confined to homopolymers, the analyses were limited to indels recurrently affecting homopolymer regions. All 30,111 Illumina TruSeq-captured exonic homopolymers were screened in each of the eleven MMR-deficient tumors. Table 18 lists the number of homopolymers that were recurrently affected in MMR-deficient tumors.

In total, 1,493 homopolymers were affected at least once, 255 were affected at least twice, 82 were affected three times and 44 were recurrently affected in at least 4 out of 11 tumors. These 82 affected homopolymers were considered as hotspot mutations. 4 out of 82 hotspot mutations were located in known cancer census genes (RPL22, MSH6, MLL3, and BRAF). 41 out of 82 hotspot mutations were located in genes previously implicated in MMR-deficient tumors or other cancer types. The list of these mutations is given in Table 7. The analysis was extended by additionally analyzing five primary tumor cell lines. This led to a total of 149 exonic homopolymers recurrently affected in at least four out of sixteen MMR-deficient tumors. Details of these hotspot mutations can be found in Table 2. When an additional filtering step was applied, excluding not only the common variants present in the 1000 Genomes database and dbSNP database, but also variants in a proprietary database of over 100 individuals, this led to 103 recurrently affected exonic homopolymers, listed in Table 5.

Out of the 44 homopolymers affected in at least 4 out of 11 tumors, 21, 18, 1 and 4 consisted of A, T, G or C stretches, respectively. For the 82 homopolymers affected in at least 3 out of 11 tumors, respectively 34, 31, 7 and 10 consisted of A, T, G or C stretches (not shown). The length of recurrently affected homopolymers varied from seven nucleotides to 25 nucleotides. However, a strong bias towards homopolymer with length 7-11 nucleotides affected in at least 3 out of 11 times can be observed (not shown).

4.2 Expected Versus Observed Frequency of Recurrent Indels

To assess whether recurrent indels occur as a consequence of positive selection or occur randomly as a result of an increased indel frequency in the MMR-deficient tumors, the expected number of recurrent indels were calculated based on the observed genome-wide indel frequency in the hypermutator. Since polymerase slippage during replication is more likely to occur in long homopolymers, it is expected that indel mutations more easily affect homopolymers of increased length. The expected frequency (f_(e,genome)) were calculated for each homopolymer length between 6 and 11 bases, as these represent the majority of exonic homopolymers (99.7%, FIG. 4a ).

As mentioned, the observed frequency in the hypermutator (f_(e,genome)) was used to calculate the expected number of affected homopolymers in the exome (by multiplying the expected number of indels per homopolymer by the number of homopolymers of this length in the exome). The number of homopolymers of a given length that are affected in the eleven MMR-deficient tumors were calculated. This number is averaged over the eleven MMR-deficient exomes and is referred to as the observed frequency (f_(o,exome)) of a homopolymer of a given length to be affected. The fold enrichment relative to the expected number of indels in homopolymers of this length is then calculated as the ratio of the observed and expected frequencies. There was a weak enrichment in the number of indels occurring in homopolymers of length 8-11 in these exomes (see Table 20).

Assuming that every homopolymer of the same length has an equally high chance of being affected, the probability of homopolymers being affected in two or three independent tumors can be calculated as the product of the probability of a homopolymer being affected in one tumor (i.e., the observed genome-wide frequency f_(genome)).

As such, the expected frequency of a homopolymer being affected in three tumors was calculated as follows: f _(e,recurrent in 3)=(f _(e,genome))³ and for an indel to be affected in four tumors: f _(e,current in 4)=(f _(e,genome))⁴

To calculate the expected number of recurrent indels in three, respectively four tumors, the expected frequencies were multiplied with the number of homopolymers in the exome, and with the number of ways 3 can be drawn, resp. 4, samples out of eleven samples (i.e., the number of combinations C(3,11) and C(4,11)). Thus, the number of expected recurrent indels in eleven tumors is calculated as follows: N _(recurrent in 3) =C(3,11)*N _(homopolymers) *f _(e,recurrent in 3) N _(recurrent in 4) =C(4,11)*N _(homopolymers) *f _(e,recurrent in 4) For indels recurring in three tumors, the data are as shown in Table 21.

Although an enrichment of indels was already seen recurring in three samples, the enrichment of indels recurring in four or more samples is much stronger as shown in Table 22.

In summary, although the majority of homopolymers in the exome consist of 6 nucleotides, most recurrently affected homopolymers exhibited a length of 8-11 nucleotides. The possibility that these homopolymers were recurrently affected due to their increased length was assessed. The genome-wide probability that a homopolymer of a specific length was affected by an indel in the hypermutator was calculated and it was found that the number of observed mutations in the exome was higher than expected for every homopolymer length. The genome-wide probability to observe recurrent indels in homopolymers of a specific length was also calculated and it was found that the observed number of exonic recurrent mutations in >2 or >3 tumors was much higher than expected for each homopolymer length, thus indicating that exonic homopolymers were not recurrently affected due to increased length. This indicates that these indels in these homopolymers are positively selected in these cancers.

Conclusion

Overall, 1,238 out of 30,111 homopolymers were affected once, whereas 173 homopolymers were affected twice. Furthermore, 82 homopolymers were affected by the same indel in at least 3 tumors. Of those, 27 and 8 homopolymers were present in 4 or 5 tumors, and 5 were present in 6 tumors (Table 7 and Table 23). In contrast, only a single substitution (G13D in KRAS) was identified in more than one MMR-deficient tumor.

Example 5 Recurrent Indels in 3′ and 5′ UTRs Affect Long Homopolymers

Since 5′ and 3′ UTRs are critical in determining gene expression, mutations in these regions were also assessed. In particular, using exome data from MMR-deficient tumors, up to 83.9% and 91.9% of these regions were reliably assessed.

5.1 Recurrent Indels in Regulatory Regions

To assess whether any of 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR regions were affected by recurrent mutations, 5,367 and 59,259 homopolymers located in the exome-captured 5′ UTRs and 3′ UTRs of 10 MMR-deficient tumors were screened, respectively. These homopolymers were also screened in the 5′ UTRs and 3′ UTRs of the whole-genome sequenced hypermutator sample such that the total number of tumors in which the 5′ and 3′ UTRs was able to be screened was eleven MMR-deficient tumors. Each hotspot mutation that was also present as a germ-line variant in at least one of eleven MMR-deficient samples was removed.

Recurrent indels in homopolymers were much more frequent in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions than expected from the observations in the exome: in the 3′ UTR regions it was observed 1,142 recurrent indels in at least four out of eleven tumors and 1,812 in at least three out of eleven tumors, while in the 5′ UTR it was observed 50 recurrent indels in at least four out of eleven tumors and 89 in at least three out of eleven tumors. These recurrent indels are shown in Table 6. When the five additional MMR-deficient samples were taken into account, this resulted in 2648 recurrent indels in four out of sixteen tumors for the 3′ UTR regions and 155 indels recurrent in four out of sixteen tumors for the 5′ UTR regions. This list of frequent recurrent indels in homopolymers in UTR regions (present in at least four out of sixteen MMR-deficient tumors) is shown in Table 1. Here also, an additional filtering step, excluding not only the common variants present in the 1000 Genomes database and dbSNP database, but also variants in a proprietary database of over 100 individuals, reduced the number of recurrently affected homopolymers in UTR regions to 1314 recurrent indels in four out of sixteen tumors for the 3′ UTR regions and 88 indels recurrent in four out of sixteen tumors for the 5′ UTR regions, listed in Table 4.

In contrast, recurrent substitutions were very rare: three recurrent substitutions were found in at least four out of eleven tumors, and eighteen in at least three out of eleven tumors, while in the 5′ UTR regions one recurrent substitution was observed in three samples, and no substitution was encountered in four or more samples.

5.1.1. Homopolymer Length and Recurrence of Somatic Mutation in Exonic Regions, 5′ UTRs and 3′ UTRs

In order to assess whether recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions also result from positive clonal selection or simply occur due to homopolymer content, the length distribution of homopolymers in function of their location in exons, 5′ UTRs and 3′ UTRs was assessed. It was observed that there are much more homopolymers in 3′ UTRs and much less homopolymers in 5′ UTRs. Homopolymers in the 3′ UTR were also longer than in the exome. For instance, the exome contains 29,733 (98.7%) homopolymers of length <9 nucleotides, whereas 5′ UTRs and 3′ UTRs contain 4,857 (90.5%) and 49,769 (84.0%) homopolymers of length <9 nucleotides, respectively. Despite the higher number of homopolymers of short length (6 or 7) in the 3′ UTR than in the exome (not shown), the number of affected homopolymers in the 3′ UTR and exome was more or less equal (not shown). In the 3′ UTR, a lot of indels were located in the long homopolymers, i.e., homopolymers with a length of 9, 10, 11, >=12 base pairs.

When assessing recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTRs and the exome, it was observed that also the number of recurrent indels was much higher in the 3′ UTR than in the 5′ UTR or exome. Recurrent indels in 3′ UTRs mainly affected homopolymers with a length >9 base pairs. Remarkably, despite the higher number of homopolymers of length 7 or 8 in the 3′ UTR than in the exome and despite the higher number of indels in homopolymers of length 7 or 8 in the 3′ UTR than in the exome, there were more recurrent indels that affected homopolymers of length 7 or 8 in the exome than in the 3′ UTR. Recurrent indels in the 3′ UTR mainly affected homopolymers of length 11 and >=12.

To verify that the increased fraction of recurrently affected homopolymers with a length <9 in the exome is not due to overall differences in length distributions for homopolymers in the different regions, the indel frequency (i.e., the fraction of affected homopolymers) in homopolymers of length <9 for the overall occurrence of these homopolymers in the different regions was corrected. The corrected fraction was calculated as follows:

${{Corrected}\mspace{14mu}{fraction}} = \frac{Fraction}{\left( \frac{\begin{matrix} {{{Number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{homopolymer}\mspace{14mu}{with}\mspace{14mu}{length}} <} \\ {9\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu} a\mspace{14mu}{given}\mspace{14mu}{region}} \end{matrix}}{\begin{matrix} {{{Average}\mspace{14mu}{number}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{homopolymer}\mspace{14mu}{with}\mspace{14mu}{length}} <} \\ {9\mspace{14mu}{in}\mspace{14mu}{three}\mspace{14mu}{regions}} \end{matrix}} \right)}$

This corrected mutation frequency was then calculated for the three different regions (exome, 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR). After this correction, the enrichment for shorter recurrent homopolymers in the exome was still observed (39.2% with length <9) compared to in 5′ (19.5%) and 3′ UTRs (2.2%). These data clearly indicate that homopolymer length critically determines which homopolymers are recurrently affected in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions, whereas in the exome, homopolymer length as well as the effect of the mutation on clonal growth advantage determine which homopolymers are recurrently affected. Table 24 shows an overview of the data described in the previous paragraphs.

Thus, in summary, in 5′ and 3′ UTRs, homopolymers are longer than in coding regions (FIG. 4a ); longer homopolymers in UTRs moreover have an increased propensity to accumulate indels (FIG. 4b ). Together, this leads to a higher indel frequency in 5′ and 3′ UTRs than in coding regions (3.8 and 10.7-fold increase, respectively; FIG. 4c ). In UTRs, hotspot mutations are however depleted in long homopolymers. For instance, only 3 (out of 89; 3.4%) and 71 (out of 1,812; 3.9%) hotspot mutations in 5′ and 3′ UTRs affected homopolymers <9 bp in length (Table 24), whereas in coding regions, up to 34 (out of 82; 41.5%) such hotspot mutations were present (FIG. 4d ). Overall, this suggests that homopolymer length critically determines which homopolymers are frequently affected in 5′ and 3′ UTR regions, whereas in coding regions, the impact of the mutation on clonal growth advantage co-determines which homopolymer is most frequently affected.

Example 6 Gene Expression Profiles of Recurrently Mutated Genes

Since it is hypothesized that recurrent mutations are linked with positive selection due to growth advantage for the tumor, the genes affected by these recurrent mutations should at least be expressed in normal endometrial tissue. It is also expected that at least a subset of these genes may be found in other mismatch repair deficient tumors, and that hotspot mutations will change expression of the affected gene. Therefore, the expression profiles of genes affected by recurrent mutations both in the context of endometrium-specific expression and in the context of genes differentially expressed in colorectal MMR-deficient tumors was analyzed.

6.1 Gene Expression in Normal Endometrium

Expression data for genes in normal endometrium tissue were downloaded from the Gene Expression Atlas²³ (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/) using the query “all genes over/under/non-differentially expressed in Homo sapiens, endometrium.” This query resulted in 14,664 genes, of which 9,021 were overexpressed in the normal endometrium, 463 were underexpressed, and 5,180 showed no differential expression. Since the over- and underexpression was calculated with respect to general gene expression profiles throughout different tissue types, it is difficult to assess whether underexpressed genes are effectively absent (not expressed) or merely expressed at a lower level. However, for genes significantly overexpressed in endometrial tissue it is safely argued that they at least play a role within the normal endometrium. Therefore, this analysis was limited to genes overexpressed in normal endometrium.

Mutations from different datasets were compared with the derived expression data: all genes mutated in MMR-proficient tumors (MMR+ genes), all genes mutated in MMR-deficient tumors (MMR− genes), all genes recurrently affected in MMR-deficient tumors (defined as three out of eleven samples, Recurrent Genes), and finally all recurrent indels in exonic regions (Recurrent Exonic). This analysis indicated that the recurrent (hotspot) mutations were overrepresented in genes that were overexpressed in normal endometrium tissue. Full data for these analyses are shown in Table 25.

Analysis in Genes Specific for Microsatellite Instable Colorectal Cancers

Genes differentially expressed between microsatellite instable (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancers were derived from a study by Banerjea et al.²² In this study, 133 colorectal tumors were analyzed of which 29 (22%) tumors were identified as MSI-H. Gene expression data were derived from Affymetrix HG-U133A chips. The derived dataset contains 4,874 genes differentially expressed between microsatellite instable and stable cancers (P<0.05, Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate).

Mutations from different datasets were compared with the derived expression data: all genes mutated in MMR-proficient tumors (MMR+ genes), all genes mutated in MMR-deficient tumors (MMR− genes), all genes recurrently affected in MMR-deficient tumors (defined as three out of eleven samples, Recurrent Genes), and finally all recurrent indels in exonic regions (Recurrent Exonic). This analysis revealed that hotspot mutations were enriched among the set genes differentially expressed in microsatellite instable tumors.

Summary

Using publicly available expression data from the Gene Expression Atlas (Kapushesky et al., 2010), it was assessed whether genes affected by the same mutation in at least three MMR-deficient tumors (hereafter referred to as hotspot mutations) were expressed in normal EM tissue. Of all genes mutated in MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient tumors, 58% and 64% were expressed in EM tissue compared to 88% of genes affected by hotspot mutations (Table 25). Similar data were obtained for normal mucosa tissue (not shown). Furthermore, when assessing expression differences between MMR-deficient versus MMR-proficient tumors (Banerjea et al., 2004), it was observed that 20% of genes affected by non-hotspot mutations versus 32% of genes affected by hotspot mutations was differentially expressed. Thus, hotspot mutations preferentially affect genes that are expressed in normal tissue and alter their expression, indicating that they result from positive clonal selection in the tumor.

Example 7 Recurrent Mutations Reliably Detect MSI in Various Tumor Types

The extended Bethesda panel, which consists of 8 microsatellite markers and two homopolymer markers is currently used to diagnostically assess MSI as a marker of MMR-deficiency.^(9, 15) Since these markers were not selected based on the relative frequency by which they affect MMR-tumors, this panel sometimes fails to detect MMR− tumors.²⁴ It was therefore assessed whether recurrent mutations could improve detection of MSI.

7.1 Construction of a Diagnostic Panel

There are two criteria by which it is believed possible to improve the diagnostic panel currently used for detecting microsatellite instability. First of all, recurrent mutations in MMR-deficient tumors were determined in an unbiased way: by performing whole-genome and exome sequencing experiments and simply observing which positions were recurrently affected. The detection in an unbiased way suggests that the most frequent hotspot mutations will be most sensitive to detect MSI. Second, the majority of the recurrent indels identified were located in the 3′ UTR. Recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTRs do not undergo stringent positive selection, but are mainly determined by the length of the affected homopolymer, and it is unlikely that tissue-specific enrichments occur. These two criteria ensure that the i) chosen markers, which without a priori knowledge about their function, are recurrently affected in multiple tumor samples and ii) there are a number of markers that are likely to be cancer-type independent. For the latter, indels selected from 5′ and 3′ UTRs may be most useful.

To obtain the highest sensitivity, mutations occurring in four or more samples were only used. For the 5′ and 3′ UTR recurrent indels, priority was given to indels affecting five or more samples. The resulting 44 recurrent exonic indels, 1,142 recurrent 3′ UTR indels and 50 recurrent 5′ UTR indels were used to design a Sequenom-based panel to detect MMR-deficiency. Since the recurrent indels were located in homopolymer regions, the primer design of a Sequenom multiplex PCR was complex. After extensive optimization experiments, six assays genotyping 56 hotspot mutations were successfully generated. Of the 56 hotspot mutations, 11 were located in exons, 40 in the 3′ UTR and 5 in the 5′ UTR, respectively. Reference is made to this panel as the 56-marker panel. The full details of these 56 mutations can be found in Table 3.

7.2 Diagnostic Assessment of MSI in Endometrial Tumors

Next, the 56-marker panel was applied to an additional series of 114 unselected surgically resected endometrial tumors, consisting of seven clear cell, 69 endometrioid, 18 mixed serousendometrioid, 10 serous and 10 unclassified endometrial carcinomas. All tumors were primary chemo-naïve endometrial tumors. Fresh-frozen tissue was available for each of these tumors. The genotyping success rate of the selected markers was high (on average 98.7%). The number of positive markers for one sample varied between 0 and 33, with an overall average of 6.5 positive markers per sample. Analogously with the Bethesda panel, three categories of microsatellite instability were defined: microsatellite stable (MSS, 0 out of 10 markers in Bethesda, 0 or 1 out of 56 markers in 56-marker panel), low microsatellite instability (MSI-L, 1-2 out of 10 markers in Bethesda panel, between 2 and 9 markers in 56-marker panel) and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H, 3 or more out of 10 markers in Bethesda, 10 or more out of 56 in 56-marker panel). Based on these categories for 56-marker panel, 65 tumors (57.0%) are defined as MSS. 33 tumors (29.0%) and 16 tumors (14.0%) are defined as MSI-H and MSI-L respectively. Out of these 33 MSI-H tumors, Bethesda identified 29 tumors as MSI-H (>2 markers positive), 3 tumors as MSI-L and one tumor as MSS. Vice versa, Bethesda did not identify any MSI-H tumor that was not identified by a panel of hotspot mutations (as shown in FIG. 5). This result shows that 56-marker panel outperformed Bethesda panel for this series of endometrial tumors. Data in colorectal tumors are comparable (not shown).

7.3 Mutation Signatures in Other Tumor Types.

56-marker panel was also applied to other tumor types (ovarian tumors and leukemia). Four MSI-H samples were selected, including one ovarian tumor and three leukemia cell lines samples (DND41, CCRF-CEM and SUPT1). In order to assess whether these observations in MMR-deficient endometrial/colorectal tumors were extendable to other tumor types, the MSI-H ovarian tumor, two ovarian tumors that were detected as MSS and their matched normal samples, as well as three MSI-H leukemia cell lines and a MSS leukemia cell line (RPMI-8402) were sequenced.

The three ovarian tumor-normal pairs were primary, chemo-naïve tumors collected during surgery. The MMR-deficient ovarian tumor (MMR− Ovarian 1) together with its matched normal DNA was exome-sequenced using Illumina's TruSeq capture. The same analysis pipeline that was described above was used for the analysis of these exome data. The exome data of two MMR+ ovarian tumors (MMR+Ovarian 1 and 2), together with their matched normal samples were extracted from existing whole-genome data. In particular, both MMR-proficient tumor-normal pairs were already available from another project and were sequenced using Complete Genomics. Whole-genome sequence data have been deposited at the European Genome-Phenome Archive with accession number EGAS00001000158. The same analyses as described in the earlier Examples herein were used for these genomes.

In addition, 4 leukemia cell lines were exome-sequenced using Nimblegen capture. The exomes were captured using Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Human Exome Library v2.0. Pre-enrichment DNA libraries were constructed according to standard protocol from Illumina's paired-end DNA Sample Preparation Guide. Exome enrichment was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. One round (72 hours) of biotinylated bait-based hybridizations was performed, followed by Streptavidin Magnetic Beads binding, a washing step and an elution step. An 18-cycle PCR enrichment was performed after the elution and the enriched libraries were subjected to Illumina sequencing (HiSeq 2000). Paired-end sequencing (2×51 bp) was performed with TruSeq SBS kits. One lane was used for one exome. Detailed clinical information for all samples is listed in Table 27. Table 28 lists all mutations found in MMR genes in all ovarian and leukemia samples.

In the MMR-deficient ovarian tumor (MMR− Ovarian 1), 2,045 novel somatic substitutions and 280 novel somatic indels were detected. Because the validation rate in the other MMR-deficient tumors was very high in both the whole-genome and exome-sequenced tumors (see above), no further validation was performed for this tumor. In the two MMR-proficient ovarian tumors, respectively 32 and 42 novel somatic substitutions, and 12 and 18 novel somatic indels were detected. Due to the low validation rate in MMR-proficient tumors in general, all somatic mutations in the two MMR-proficient ovarian tumors were validated using Sequenom MassARRAY. Respectively, 16 and 20 substitutions were confirmed as true substitutions in the two MMR-proficient ovarian tumors. No indel was confirmed in either tumor. For these somatic mutations, it was observed the same patterns as observed in EM/CRC tumors (data not shown).

The exomes of four leukemia cell lines were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq technology, as described above. Since there was no matched normal DNA samples available for these cell lines, somatic or germ-line mutations could not be distinguished. However, using the common variant filtering pipeline described earlier, the most frequently occurring variants could be eliminated. As previously observed in MMR-deficient tumors, indels were mainly located in the homopolymers of the MMR-deficient leukemia samples. On the other hand, the MMR-proficient sample did not exhibit this pattern (not shown).

For substitutions, the patterns in MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient samples were very similar (not shown). In particular, these patterns revealed that the majority of substitutions were located not in repeat regions. As in the endometrial/colorectal MMR-deficient tumors, substitutions in MMR-deficient samples were mainly composed of transitions (73.0% versus 27.0% transversions, respectively).

Summary

56 of the most frequent hotspot mutations were selected identified by exome-sequencing: 45 were in UTRs, which are less prone to clonal selection and could therefore detect MSI in tumors of different tissue types, and 11 were in coding regions. Genotyping of 114 surgically resected EM tumors for these 56 mutations revealed that 33 (29.0%) tumors were positive for >10 markers (MSI-high or MSI-H) and 16 (14.0%) tumors for 2 to 9 markers (MSI-low or MSI-L). The remaining 65 (57.0%) tumors were positive for <2 markers and were microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors (FIG. 5). Out of 33 MSI-H tumors, Bethesda identified only 29 tumors as MSI-H (>2 markers positive). The 4 discordant tumors contained a frame shift mutation in MSH6 or were deficient for MSH6 on histopathology, thereby confirming that they were MSI-H. Vice versa, Bethesda did not identify any MSI-H tumor that was not identified by a panel of hotspot mutations.

Finally, it was assessed whether hotspot mutations were also present in ovarian tumors and leukemia. First, using a 56-marker panel, one ovarian tumor and three leukemia cell lines (DND41, CCRF-CEM and SUPT1) that were positive for 20, 25, 23 and 21 markers respectively were selected, as well as two ovarian tumors and one leukemia cell line (RPM18402) without positive markers. Exome-sequencing of the ovarian tumors and their matched normal samples confirmed that the MSI-H ovarian tumor contained substantially more somatic events than the two corresponding MSS tumors, including a frame shift deletion in MSH6. Although somatic or germ-line mutations in the leukemia cell lines could not be distinguished since matched germ-line DNA was not available, substitutions and indels were also more frequent in the MSI-H cell lines (Note S9). Two loss-of-function mutations in MLH1 and a frame shift deletion in MSH6 were observed, confirming that the MSI-H cell lines were MMR-deficient. When assessing whether recurrent mutations identified in endometrial tumors were also present in the ovarian and leukemia genomes, it was noticed that out of 384 recurrent mutations in endometrial MMR− tumors, 60, 25, 8 and 1 were present in respectively 1, 2, 3 or 4 MMR− tumors (not shown). A more pronounced enrichment was seen when limiting the recurrent mutations to those that were present in at least 3 endometrial tumors. Finally, since recurrent indels in the exome are positively selected by the tumor tissue whereas recurrent indels in 5′ and 3′ UTRs largely depend on the length of the homopolymer, indels in UTRs might represent better markers of MSI.

Example 8 Mutation Patterns of MMR-deficient Tumors Affect DNA Double-strand Break Repair

In order to explore the biological relevance of the hotspot mutations in MMR-deficient tumors, pathway analyses were performed with two different tools, namely IPA® and GenomeMuSiC. These two tools use four different pathway databases, i.e., the IPA, KEGG, BioCarta and Reactome databases. The use of multiple tools and databases allowed for obtaining of detailed impression of the pathways affected.

8.1. Pathway Analyses Using IPA® and GenomeMuSiC

Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®, http://www.ingenuity.com/) enables the identification of biological pathways most relevant to the genes of interest. Pathway analysis of all genes with somatic indels (3,022 indels in 2,231 genes, excluding the indels in MMR genes, due to secondary mutations resulting from MMR-deficiency) using IPA® revealed that 24 pathways are significantly enriched (P<0.05) (not shown). “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” and “DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by Homologous Recombination (HR)” were ranked top 1 and 3 respectively. If restricting the gene list of interest to the genes carrying the hotspot mutations only (1,382 indels in 452 genes), 13 significantly enriched pathways were revealed as shown in Table 29. The “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” and “G2/M DNA checkpoint regulation” pathways were ranked top 1 and 2, respectively.

In summary, IPA® revealed “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” as the top enriched pathway using two different sets of genes of interest, namely all genes carrying somatic indels and all genes with hotspot mutations. “G2/M DNA checkpoint regulation” and “DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by Homologous Recombination (HR)” were also highly significant.

A similar analysis was done using GenomeMuSiC (http://gmt.genome.wustl.edu/genome-music/0.3/index.html), using all somatic indels (excluding all indels on MMR genes) as an input. Pathway analyses of all somatic indels (3,022 indels in 2,231 genes, indels in MMR genes were excluded) in MMR-deficient tumors using GenomeMuSiC revealed 51 significantly mutated pathways (FDR <0.05). The “DNA repair,” “Base-excision repair,” and “G2/M DNA damage checkpoint” pathways were ranked highest, thereby confirming the results from IPA® analyses.

8.2 Pathway Analysis of Indels in Exon/Intron Boundaries

Furthermore, as it is known that genes are also inactivated by indels affecting homopolymers located in exon/intron boundaries, mutation calling was extended to indels occurring in the 25 base pair sequences up and down-stream of every exon. The same mutation calling and filtering pipeline was performed as earlier described. 1,700 additional indels in exon/intron boundaries were detected, including a deletion in the homopolymer of intron 7 of ATM, a deletion in the homopolymer of intron 4 of MRE11 and an insertion in the homopolymer of intron 5 of FANCD2. These three indels affect 7, 5 and 1 samples respectively. Together with the 3,022 indels in exonic regions, GenomeMuSiC analysis of all 4,722 mutations revealed 54 significantly mutated pathways (FDR <0.05). Inclusion of indels in the exon/intron boundaries yielded an even stronger signal for DNA DSB repair as the top enriched pathway.

Considering all the analyses, there are 11 genes involved in the DSB repair by HR pathway. Table 30 below lists these genes and the MMR-deficient tumors carrying mutations in these genes.

Summary

Since indels in MMR-deficient tumors can be subject to positive or negative clonal selection, it was assessed whether specific pathways are enriched for these mutations. On average, each MMR-deficient tumor contained 309 indels, 30 of which were hotspot mutations. Pathway analyses of all genes affected by a somatic indel (except for MMR genes because indels in these genes are causing MMR-deficiency) using IPA® revealed that the “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” and “DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by Homologous Recombination (HR)” were the top enriched pathways (P=6.5E-03 and P=1.1E-02, respectively). IPA® analysis of all hotspot mutations revealed that in addition to the “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” (P=2.0E-03), the “G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation” pathway was also enriched (P=3.1E-03). Genes most frequently mutated in these pathways included, amongst several others, ATR, BLM, BRCA1, CHEK1 and FANCM (4, 2, 2, 2 and 2 mutations, respectively; Table 30). Pathway analyses of all indels in MMR-deficient tumors using GenomeMuSiC, which calculates the pathways that are specifically mutated based on KEGG, BioCarta or Reactome databases, while correcting for the background mutation rate, revealed that respectively, the “DNA repair,” “Base-excision repair” and “G2/M DNA damage checkpoint” pathways were ranked highest (P=6.3E-05,P=3.1E-04 and P=9.8E-04, respectively). Furthermore, since DSB repair genes can also be affected by loss-of-function indels in homopolymers located in the exon/intron boundaries (Ham et al., 2006), mutation calling was extended to indels occurring in the 25 bp sequences up and down-stream of every exon. GenomeMuSiC analysis of all mutations (1,700 exon/intron boundary indels and 3,022 exonic indels) yielded an even stronger signal for DNA DSB repair as the top enriched pathway (e.g., P=6.8E-07 for “ATR/BRCA” pathway in BioCarta and P=3.0E-05 for the “G2/M DNA damage checkpoint” pathway in Reactome). Overall, each MMR-deficient tumor contained on average 3.0±0.5 indels in the DSB repair by HR pathway (FIG. 6).

In an attempt to replicate these findings, exome data of 27 CRC MSI-H tumors sequenced were analyzed in the context of The Cancer Genome Atlas network (TCGA, 2012). Although these tumors were sequenced with an average coverage depth of only 20x, which is quite low to reliably detect indels in homopolymers (Reumers et al., 2011), each of the 1,426 frame shift indels (in 1,284 genes, not including the MMR genes) that were reported for these tumors were selected, but additionally also selected 19 indels identified by TCGA based on a separate assessment of 29 homopolymers selected by a candidate gene approach. Remarkably, IPA analysis of the 1,303 genes affected with indels confirmed that the “Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response” was again the top enriched pathway (P=0.0148). Genes mutated in this pathway included, amongst several others, RAD50, ATR, BLM and CHEK1 (7, 5, 2 and 1 mutations, respectively; FIG. 6).

8.3 Inactivation of the DSB Repair by HR Pathway in MMR-deficient Cells

To investigate whether the DSB repair by HR pathway is functionally inactivated in MMR-deficient tumors, it was assessed the DSB repair activity in eight MMR-deficient and four MMR-proficient primary tumor cultures and cancer cell lines. The MMR status of these cells was analyzed using the 56-marker panel and confirmed by the Bethesda Panel.

Nine primary endometrial and ovarian tumor cell cultures were established from patients undergoing surgery at the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg, Leuven (Belgium). Only after providing informed consent, patients were included in the study. The following protocol was used to generate primary tumor cultures. First, tumor samples were placed into sterile RPMI medium supplemented with Penicillin/Streptomycin (1000 U/ml) and Fungizone (0.5 μg/ml) (all from Life Technologies) for transport from the surgery room to the cell culture laboratory. Tumor tissue was subsequently washed with PBS supplemented with Penicillin/Streptomycin and Fungizone, and tissue was minced with sterile blades. Tumor tissue was digested with collagenases type IV (1 mg/ml; Roche) in RPMI medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with Penicillin/Streptomycin and Fungizone. Also DNase I (0.1 mg/ml; Roche) was added to the digestion medium. Digestion was performed while shaking for 3 hours at 37° C. Thereafter, single cell suspension was prepared by filtration through a 70 μm filter and red blood cells were lysed using Ammonium Chloride solution (Stem Cell Technologies). Single cells were finally plated into a 25 cm² culture flask and medium was changed the day after. After one to three weeks, when cells reached 60-70% confluency, fibroblasts were removed using mouse anti-human CD90 (Clone AS02; Dianova) and negative selection with Mouse Pan IgG Dynabeads (Life Technologies). Cell cultures were subsequently passaged at 70-90% confluency and cell cultures were stored in a cell bank at different passages. Table 31 lists the various primary tumor cultures that were generated according to this protocol.

Primary tumor cell cultures were grown in RPMI Medium 1640 (Gibco) supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/ml of penicillin, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin, 1 μg/ml of fungizone and 10 μg/ml of gentamicin up to 20 passages. All cell cultures were performed in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37° C. They were also routinely monitored for Mycoplasma contamination and no Mycoplasma growth has been detected.

HEC-1-A, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells were all obtained from American Type Culture Collections (ATCC, Manassas, Va., USA). HEC-1-A cells were cultured in McCoy's 5A Medium (Gibco-BRL, Life technologies), MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, Gibco-BRL) all supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Gibco-BRL), 2 mM LGlutamine, 100 U/ml of penicillin and 100 μg/ml of streptomycin (all from Life Technologies). All human cells were maintained in a humidified 5% CO2-containing atmosphere at 37° C. The cell lines are listed in Table 32.

Summary

Having established that MMR-deficient tumors are enriched in loss-of-function mutations affecting the DSB repair by HR pathway, whether this pathway is also functionally inactivated was investigated. This is relevant as these mutations represent heterozygous indels, whose loss-of-function effects may be compensated by the unaffected allele. Since during DNA replication single-strand breaks (SSB) are converted into DSBs, thereby activating DSB repair by HR, eight MMR-deficient and four MMR-proficient tumors (nine primary tumor cultures and three cancer cell lines) were exposed to the PARP inhibitor olaparib, which inhibits SSB repair, and subsequently quantified the relative number of cells with γH2AX- and RAD51-positive foci as a measure of DNA damage and active HR, respectively. Since none of the tumors were subjected to exome-sequencing, thus representing an independent set of MMR-deficient tumors, MMR status was determined using a 56-marker panel and confirmed using the Bethesda panel. Although a difference in RAD51 foci formation between MMR-deficient and MMR-proficient tumor cultures in the absence of olaparib (10±2% of cells versus 13±2% showed RAD51 foci formation, P=0.74; FIGS. 7a, 7b ) was not observed, exposure to 10 μM olaparib triggered significantly less RAD51 foci formation in MMR-deficient than MMR-proficient cells (19±3% versus 37±4%; P=0.02; FIGS. 7a, 7b ). In contrast, when investigating the degree of unrepaired DNA damage by H2AX immunofluorescence, olaparib drastically increased the number of γH2AX foci in all cells regardless of their MMR status (not shown), thus indicating that the extent of DNA damage was similar between both cultures. Since in BRCA1 or BRCA2-deficient cells, RAD51 foci formation is completely absent upon PARP inhibition (Farmer et al., 2005), these data suggest that in MMR-deficient cells the DSB repair by HR pathway is only partially inactivated.

Example 9 The PARP Inhibitor Olaparib Sensitizes MMR-deficient Tumors

As MMR-deficient tumors are characterized by reduced activity of the DSB repair by HR pathway, it was hypothesized that these tumors, similar to BRCA1-deficient tumors (Farmer et al., 2005), can be selectively targeted by PARP inhibition. All eight MMR-deficient and four MMR-proficient cultures were dose-dependently (1, 3 and 10 μM) exposed to olaparib and effects on proliferation were assessed. Individual MMR-deficient cultures, including each of the six MMR-deficient primary tumor cultures, exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation upon exposure to olaparib, whereas none of the MMR-proficient cells was characterized by a similar response. On average, 1, 3 and 10 μM of olaparib decreased proliferation of MMR-deficient cells by respectively 15%, 20% and 42% (P=0.02, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively versus untreated cells; FIG. 7c ), whereas no effect was seen in MMR-proficient tumors at 48 hours (P=NS for all concentrations of olaparib; FIG. 7d ). Overall, proliferation also differed highly significantly between MMR-deficient and -proficient tumors (P<0.001 by repeated measurement). Since BRCA1 and BRCA2-deficient cells exposed to respectively, 3 μM and 10 μM of olaparib, are characterized by a 78% and 91% decrease in viability (Farmer et al., 2005; Patel et al., 2012), these ex vivo data confirm that MMR-deficient cells, consistent with their partial inactivation of the DSB repair by HR pathway, are sensitized by PARP inhibition.

Cell Proliferation with xCELLigence System

Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) xCELLigence System (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) was used to dynamically monitor cell proliferation rates. The system measures electrical impedance across microelectrodes on the bottom of tissue culture E-plates. The impedance measurement provides quantitative information about cell number, viability, morphology and adhesion. 5,000 cells/well were seeded on E-plate 16 (Roche) in 200 μl medium. 24 hours post-seeding, cells were treated with olaparib to the desired final concentration (1, 3, 10 μM olaparib). The final DMSO percent in all wells was 0.1%. Each treatment condition was measured in triplicate. Dynamic cell index values were monitored in five-minute intervals for 48 hours after treatments. Cell index values were normalized to the vehicle-treated control for each cell. The figure below shows cell proliferation rates for each of the cell cultures (MMR-deficient cells are shown in blue and MMR-proficient cells are shown in red). In summary, MMR-deficient cells were characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation, whereas MMR-proficient cells did not respond to olaparib (P=2.0E-7 by repeated measurement; FIG. 7c ).

Discussion

Here, the first whole-genome of an MMR-deficient tumor was sequenced. It was observed that the majority of somatic substitutions consisted of nucleotide transitions and that adjacent nucleotides had an important context-dependent effect on determining which nucleotides were affected. Remarkably, these substitution patterns were also observed in the germ-line DNA and other eukaryotic organisms, and in these genomes correlated with important genome features in a similar manner (Hodgkinson and Eyre-Walker, 2011). In particular, it was observed a higher number of substitutions in methylated CpG sequences, implicating the MMR machinery in the repair of methylated cytosine deamination and demonstrating that the non-canonical MMR is critical to maintain genomic integrity.

Moreover, deamination is one of the most important processes underlying human disease-associated mutations and evolution. From that perspective, it is interesting to note that it was observed a very similar signature in ten additional exomes from MMR-deficient tumors, in de novo germ-line substitutions and in human and mouse SNP databases. Overall, these observations indicate that, similar to bacterial populations (Saint-Ruf and Matic, 2006), incomplete mismatch repair in humans contributes to natural selection through genetic adaptation.

About half of the mutations in the hypermutator represented indels. Importantly, although in high-throughput sequencing indel detection is burdened with very high false-positive rates, 92.7% of indels were validated using orthogonal technologies. Most indels specifically affect homopolymer stretches. This is relevant because the extended Bethesda panel, which is currently used for the diagnostic classification of MSI, has only limited sensitivity (80%, 84% and 55% for MLH1-, MSH2- and MSH6-deficient tumors (de la Chapelle and Hampel, 2010)), presumably because it consists of eight microsatellite and only two homopolymer markers. A 56-marker panel of hotspot mutations identified by exome sequencing was more sensitive in detecting MSI, especially in EM tumors, which are known to be more frequently MSH6- than MLH1 or MSH2-deficient. Furthermore, since 45 out of 56 markers were located in UTRs, which are less likely to drive clonal selection, MSI-H in cancers affecting different tissues were detected. Finally, since most of the 56 markers were located in homopolymers ≤10 bps in length, these markers are compatible with various low- to high-throughput genotyping technologies, such as single base pair extension (Sequenom MassArray), allele-specific hybridization (TAQMAN®) technologies, and melting curve analysis (including HRM). The most sensitive markers in Bethesda (BAT25 and BAT26) are clearly less compatible as they detect indels in homopolymers of 25 and 26 bps.

Intriguingly, it was observed that several indels in the exome, all of which represented loss-of-function mutations, occurred as hotspot mutations. On average, each tumor contained 30 hotspot mutations, which is remarkably high compared to previous cancer sequencing efforts of MMR-proficient tumors (Nik-Zainal et al., 2012; Rausch et al., 2012). Pathway analyses further revealed that the DSB repair by HR pathway was enriched in mutations; on average three mutations affected this pathway in each tumor. Mutations in DSB repair genes, such as MRE11A or RAD50, have previously been reported, but these studies focused on specific mutations in individual genes rather than on pathways, and for this reason could only establish that a fraction of MMR-deficient tumors is mutated in one of these genes (Miguel et al., 2007). Furthermore, although it is well established that BRCA1 and BRCA2-deficient cells, as well as cells deficient in Fanconi anemia- or other HR-related genes, are selectively hypersensitive to PARP inhibitors (Murai et al., 2012), data demonstrating the selectivity of MMR-deficient cell lines to PARP inhibition have not been conclusive. The most promising study, so far, observed a weak but significant correlation between expression levels of MRE11 and cytotoxicity to the PARP inhibitor ABT-888, but subsequent knockdown of MRE11 in a MSS cell line only modestly changed proliferation at high concentrations of the inhibitor (Vilar et al., 2011). In contrast, a hypothesis-free discovery that DSB repair by HR is the top pathway affected by loss-of-function mutations in MMR-deficient EM and CRC tumors, both a dataset and in the public TCGA dataset, suggests that mutations in several genes in the pathway cooperate to inactivate DSB repair by HR in MMR-deficient tumors. The finding that each MMR-deficient primary tumor culture, also those without MRE11 mutations, exhibited a dose-response effect upon challenge with olaparib functionally confirms the cumulated effect of these heterozygous mutations.

Several PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib (AZD2281), veliparib (ABT-888) and niraparib (MK-4827), have been developed. Initial studies with these inhibitors revealed a remarkable clinical benefit in breast or ovarian cancer patients carrying BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, without causing excess toxicity (Tutt et al., 2010). Despite these encouraging results, PARP inhibitors have not yet been approved (Maxwell and Domchek, 2012). One of the main hurdles is the lack of a cost-effective FDA-approved diagnostic test. Diagnostic tests for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation testing are not FDA-approved and associated costs are exceedingly high. As a result, pharmaceutical companies have been hesitant to start-up phase 3 clinical studies with PARP inhibitors (Maxwell and Domchek, 2012). These observations that MMR-deficient tumors are sensitive to PARP inhibition are very interesting in this regard. First of all, this study identifies a second subgroup of tumors that might be sensitive to PARP inhibition. Although it may be perceived that MSI tumors represent only a small proportion of CRC and EM tumors, the absolute patient population with MSI tumors that could benefit is as large, if not larger, than that with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or even other targeted agents. Secondly, companion diagnostic testing for MSI tumors is already available, either using traditional methods, such as the Bethesda panel, or through profiling of frequent hotspot mutations. Translation of these observations into the clinical setting might thus go more rapid than for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers, and could be further accelerated through a more sensitive and automatable/scalable marker panel. Thirdly, there is a great clinical need for targeted treatment options in MSI tumors. In particular, although stage II or III CRC tumors with MSI are characterized by a modestly improved prognosis, MSI tumors in the advanced setting are associated with more peritoneal metastasis and a worse overall survival independent of the chemotherapy regimen (Smith et al., 2013).

Additionally, whereas clinical resistance to PARP inhibition has been ascribed to secondary mutations restoring full-length BRCA1 or 2 proteins, thus re-establishing their function in tumor cells (Barber et al., 2012), such a mechanism is less likely to occur for each of the DSB repair genes affected by somatic mutations. This suggests that MMR-deficient tumors are less likely to develop resistance against PARP inhibitors, rendering them therapeutically more valuable in the long term.

Materials and Methods

Detection of mismatch repair deficiency: To assess MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6 expression in tumor and matched germ-line samples, immunohistochemistry was performed using the following monoclonal antibodies: clone ES05 for MLH1 (DAKO), clone G219-1129 for MSH2 (BD Pharmagen) and clone EP49 for MSH6 (Epitomics). The hypermethylation status of the MLH1 promoter regions was determined using the SALSA MS-MLPA KIT (MRC-Holland). MSI status was detected by the extended Bethesda panel.

Sample selection and preparation: fourteen endometrial, three colorectal and three ovarian tumor-normal pairs were selected for sequencing. Tumor DNA was derived from fresh frozen tumor tissue. All samples represented primary chemo-naïve tumors. Matched normal DNA for these 20 samples was extracted from peripheral white blood cells. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. In addition, four commercial T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines (DND41, CCRF-CEM, SUPT1 and RPMI-8402, obtained from DSMZ, http://www.dsmz.de/) were sequenced. DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNAeasy kit for all samples.

Whole genome sequencing: five tumor-normal pairs, including three EM pairs and two ovarian pairs were selected for whole-genome sequencing. Paired-end sequencing was performed using the COMPLETE GENOMICS® service, which includes primary data analysis (image analysis, base calling, alignment and variant calling). The calldiff method of CGAtools (http://cgatools.sourceforge.net) was used to select somatic mutations. For each somatic mutation, CGAtools reports a somatic score, reflecting the confidence of the called somatic mutation. Higher scores indicate increased confidence. Using validation data generated by Sequenom MassARRAY, it was determined the optimal cut-off for selecting true somatic mutations and eliminating false-positive sequencing errors. Somatic score cut-off were applied to all somatic mutations lists and for further analyses only mutations with a score higher than these thresholds were used.

Exome sequencing of MMR-deficient tumors: Exomes of 15 endometrial, colorectal and ovarian tumor-normal pairs were captured using the TruSeq Exome Enrichment Kit (Illumina). Paired-end sequencing was performed with TruSeq SBS kits on the HiSeq2000 (2×75 bp for EM and ovarian samples, 2×100 bp for CRC samples). Exomes of four leukemia genomes were captured using Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Human Exome Library v2.0. Pairedend sequencing (2×50 bp) was performed with TruSeq SBS kits on the HiSeq2000. For all exomes, BWA was used to align the raw reads from each sequencing lane to the human reference genome using default parameters. Aligned reads were processed and sorted with SAMtools (v.0.1.13) and PCR duplicates were removed with Picard MarkDuplicates. Base recalibration, local realignment around indels and single nucleotide variant calling were performed using the GenomeAnalysisToolKit (McKenna et al., 2010) (GATK v1.0.4487). Substitutions were called using the GATK Unified Genotyper, while indels were detected using Dindel (Albers et al., 2011) (v1.01). Initial quality filtering on substitutions was performed based on the quality score provided by the GATK variant caller. Mutations were retained only if the quality score was larger than Q30 in the tumor and matched normal sample.

Annotation of whole-genome and -exome data: Whole-genome sequence data were annotated using ANNOVAR and the UCSC RefGene hg18 annotation track (Wang et al., 2010). Repeat regions were determined using “grepseq” (http://code.google.com/p/grepseq/). Microsatellites were defined as di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide repeats consisting of at least two repeat units and with a minimal length of six bases, homopolymers as mononucleotide repeats with a minimal length of six bases, short homopolymers as mononucleotide repeats of three, four or five bases long. Annotation of repeat regions was performed using the intersectBed command of BEDtools.

Availability of whole-genome and exome data: The unfiltered variant files of all whole genome and exome data have been deposited at the European Genotype Phenotype Archive (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega) under restricted access, with accession number EGAS00001000182 and EGAS00001000158.

Primary tumor cultures and immunofluorescence: Nine primary endometrial and ovarian tumor cell cultures were established from tumors of the patients undergoing surgery. Primary tumor cell cultures were grown in RPMI1640 medium (GIBCO) supplemented with 20% FBS, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 1 μg/ml fungizone and 10 μg/ml gentamicin up to 20 passages. 25,000 cells/well were seeded on eight-well slides (Nunc) in 400 μl medium and grown for 24 hours. Following exposure to 0 or 10 μM olaparib, slides were rinsed in PBS, fixed in paraformaldehyde at 37° C., permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 and blocked with BSA. Cells were stained with mouse anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X monoclonal antibody (Millipore clone JBW301, 1:100) or rabbit anti-Rad51 (H-92) polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz H-92, 1:1000) and washed in 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen) was used and slides were mounted in Prolong Gold Antifade reagent containing DAPI (Molecular Probes). The percentage of foci positive cells (>5 foci per nucleus) was determined on a Zeiss LSM 510 inverted confocal microscope using Plan-Neofluar 40×/1.3 oil immersion objective. For each experiment, at least 100 nuclei were analyzed.

Cell Proliferation: Real-Time Cell Analyzer (RTCA) xCELLigence System (Roche) was used to dynamically monitor cell proliferation rates. 5,000 cells/well were seeded on E-plate 16 (Roche) in 200 μl medium. Olaparib (AZD-2281, JS Research Chemicals Trading) was dissolved in DMSO. 24 hours post-seeding, cells were treated with olaparib (1, 3, 10 olaparib). Each condition was measured in triplicate and all experiments were done in duplicate at different time points. Dynamic cell index values were monitored for 48 hours after treatment.

Materials

Mouse anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) monoclonal antibody (clone JBW301) was from Millipore Corporation, Billerica, Mass., USA. Rabbit anti-Rad51 (H-92) polyclonal antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif., USA. Olaparib (AZD-2281, batch 3-8/10) was purchased from JS Research Chemicals Trading, Schleswig Holstein, Germany and was prepared as stock solution in DMSO and 10 aliquots were stored at −20° C. until use. Olaparib was further diluted 1:50 in respective media before being dilutes 1:20 in the well of the plate.

γH2AX Immunostaining

The degree of unrepaired DNA damage upon olaparib treatment was measured with γH2AX immunofluorescence. When there is a double strand break in DNA, H2AX is phosphorylated on Serine 139 and is referred to as γH2AX. For γH2AX immunostaining 25,000 cells/well were seeded on eight-well Lab-tek Permanox Chamber slides (Nunc) in 400 μl medium and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Subsequently, after 24 hours incubation, cells were exposed to 0 or 10 μM olaparib, slides were rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37° C., permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 5 minutes and blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 10 minutes, both at room temperature. Cells were stained with a 1:100 dilution of mouse anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) monoclonal antibody (clone JBW301, Millipore). The primary antibody was visualized with Alexa Fluor-488 goat anti-mouse IgG (Alexa) and mounted in Prolong Gold Antifade reagent with DAPI (Molecular Probes). 10 μM Olaparib treatment increased the number of γH2AX foci 4-6 fold as compared to the baseline in all cells regardless of their MMR status, indicating that the extent of DSB DNA damage was similar between both cultures.

Rad51 Immunostaining

RAD51 protein plays a major role in the DSB repair by HR pathway and the formation of RAD51-positive foci is used as a marker of ongoing DSB repair by HR. To perform RAD51 immunostaining, 25,000 cells/well were seeded on eight-well Lab-tek Peimanox Chamber slides (Nunc) in 400 μl medium and incubated for 24 hours at 37° C., 5% CO₂ until olaparib treatment. After 24 hours incubation post-exposure to 0 or 10 μM olaparib, cells were washed with PBS at room temperature and fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 minutes at 37° C. Slides were incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of rabbit anti-Rad51 (H-92) polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz) for 16 hours at 4° C., then washed four times for 15 minutes with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. The primary antibody was visualized with Alexa Fluor-488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa) and mounted in Prolong Gold Antifade reagent with DAPI (Molecular Probes).

Confocal Microscopy

γH2AX and RAD51 foci were visualized with Zeiss LSM 510 inverted confocal microscope using Plan-Neofluar 40x/1.3 oil immersion objective and excitation wavelengths of 488 and 750 nm (Chameleon coherent two-photon laser). Through focus maximum projection, images were acquired from optical sections 1.20 μm apart and with a section thickness of 0.5 nm. Images were processed using LSM510 software. Nuclei with >5 foci were scored positive, and at least 100 nuclei were counted per culture and per condition.

REFERENCES

-   1. Stratton, M. R., Campbell, P. J. & Futreal, P. A. The cancer     genome. Nature 458, 719-724 (2009). -   2. Futreal, P. A. et al. A census of human cancer genes. Nat. Rev.     Cancer 4, 177-183 (2004). -   3. Loeb, L. A., Loeb, K. R. & Anderson, J. P. Multiple mutations and     cancer. Proc. Natl.

Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 776-781 (2003).

-   4. Loeb, L. A., Springgate, C. F. & Battula, N. Errors in DNA     replication as a basis of malignant changes. Cancer Res. 34,     2311-2321 (1974). -   5. Loeb, L. A. Human cancers express mutator phenotypes: origin,     consequences and targeting. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 450-457 (2011). -   6. Poulogiannis, G., Frayling, I. M. & Arends, M. J. DNA mismatch     repair deficiency in sporadic colorectal cancer and Lynch syndrome.     Histopathology 56, 167-179 (2010). -   7. Beckman, R. A. & Loeb, L. A. Negative clonal selection in tumor     evolution. Genetics 171, 2123-2131 (2005). -   8. Jones, S. et al. Frequent mutations of chromatin remodeling gene     ARID1A in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Science 330, 228-231 (2010). -   9. Boland C R, Thibodeau S N, Hamilton S R, et al: A National Cancer     Institute Workshop on Microsatellite Instability for cancer     detection and familial predisposition: Development of international     criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in     colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 58:5248-5257, 1998. -   10. Palomaki G E, McClain M R, Melillo S, et al: EGAPP supplementary     evidence review: DNA testing strategies aimed at reducing morbidity     and mortality from Lynch syndrome. Genetics in Medicine 11:42-65,     2009. -   11. Popat S, Hubner R, Houlston R S: Systematic review of     microsatellite instability and colorectal cancer prognosis. J.     Clinl. Oncol. 23:609-617, 2005. -   12. Ribic C M, Sargent D J, Moore M J, et al: Tumor     microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from     Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. N.     Engl. J. Med. 349:247-257, 2003. -   13. Des Guetz G, Schischmanoff O, Nocalas P, et al: Does     microsatellite instability predict the efficacy of adjuvant     chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A systematic review with     meta-analysis. Euro. J. Cancer 45:1890-1896, 2009. -   14. Dietmaier, W. et al. Diagnostic microsatellite instability:     definition and correlation with mismatch repair protein expression.     Cancer Res. 57, 4749-4756 (1997). -   15. Umar, A. et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary     nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite     instability. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 96, 261-268 (2004). -   16. de la Chapelle, A. & Hampel, H. Clinical relevance of     microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28,     3380-3387 (2010). -   17. Pyatt R, Chadwick R B, Johnson C K, et al: Polymorphic variation     at the BAT-25 and BAT-26 loci in individuals of African origin:     Implications for microsatellite instability testing. Am. J. Pathol.     155:349-353, 1999. -   18. Lindor, N. M. et al. Immunohistochemistry versus microsatellite     instability testing in phenotyping colorectal tumors. J. Clin.     Oncol. 20, 1043-1048 (2002). -   19. Simpkins, S. B. et al. MLH1 promoter methylation and gene     silencing is the primary cause of microsatellite instability in     sporadic endometrial cancers. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 661-666 (1999). -   20. Heiman, J. G. et al. Incidence and functional consequences of     hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc. Natl.     Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 6870-6875 (1998). -   21. Quinlan, A. R. & Hall, I. M. BEDTools: a flexible suite of     utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 26, 841-842     (2010). -   22. Banerjea, A. et al. Colorectal cancers with microsatellite     instability display mRNA expression signatures characteristic of     increased immunogenicity. Mol. Cancer 3, 21 (2004). -   23. Kapushesky, M. et al. Gene expression atlas at the European     bioinformatics institute. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, D690-698 (2010). -   24. Pinol, V. et al. Accuracy of revised Bethesda guidelines,     microsatellite instability, and immunohistochemistry for the     identification of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal     cancer. JAMA 293, 1986-1994 (2005). -   25. Hewish, M., Lord, C. J., Martin, S. A., Cunningham, D. &     Ashworth, A. Mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer in the era     of personalized treatment. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 7, 197-208 (2010). -   26. Heijink, D. M. et al. Perspectives for tailored chemoprevention     and treatment of colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome. Crit. Rev.     Oncol. Hematol. (2010). -   27. Plaschke, J. et al. Aberrant protein expression and frequent     allelic loss of MSH3 in colorectal cancer with low-level     microsatellite instability. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 27:911-919     (2012)

TABLE 1 Affected Affected Nr of homo- homo- affected Chromo- Start polymer polymer samples Gene some Position base length region 13 LRRC8D chr1 90401405 T 11 3′ UTR 13 NPR3 chr5 32787131 A 11 3′ UTR 12 AHCYL1 chr1 110566210 A 14 3′ UTR 12 CD5L chr1 157801230 A 13 3′ UTR 12 CEP170 chr1 243288181 T 11 3′ UTR 12 SAMD12 chr8 119209320 A 11 3′ UTR 12 UBE2Z chr17 47005701 A 11 3′ UTR 11 SEPT7 chr7 35944036 T 11 3′ UTR 11 CASK chrX 41379131 A 13 3′ UTR 11 DIDO1 chr20 61536691 A 11 3′ UTR 11 EIF4G3 chr1 21133286 A 13 3′ UTR 11 FAM20B chr1 179044906 A 12 3′ UTR 11 GSK3B chr3 119542766 A 11 3′ UTR 11 HELZ chr17 65070976 A 14 3′ UTR 11 KCNK1 chr1 233807667 A 11 3′ UTR 11 KCNMB4 chr12 70824838 A 14 3′ UTR 11 LHX9 chr1 197898395 T 12 3′ UTR 11 LYRM1 chr16 20935842 T 11 3′ UTR 11 MYO5B chr18 47351784 A 12 3′ UTR 11 NARG2 chr15 60712503 T 13 3′ UTR 11 PPP1R12A chr12 80169697 T 13 3′ UTR 11 PRTG chr15 55903921 A 11 3′ UTR 11 RAB11FIP1 chr8 37718707 A 13 3′ UTR 11 RASGRP1 chr15 38781450 T 13 3′ UTR 11 SH3KBP1 chrX 19552231 T 13 3′ UTR 11 SHROOM3 chr4 77701305 A 12 3′ UTR 11 TMEM26 chr10 63166725 A 12 3′ UTR 11 TMEM65 chr8 125325217 A 11 3′ UTR 11 TRIP11 chr14 92435633 A 12 3′ UTR 11 ZBTB7A chr19 4046571 T 11 3′ UTR 11 ZKSCAN1 chr7 99633041 T 12 3′ UTR 11 ZNF217 chr20 52185289 A 13 3′ UTR 11 ZNF275 chrX 152617043 A 12 3′ UTR 10 ACVR1C chr2 158387581 T 14 3′ UTR 10 ARAP2 chr4 36068192 A 12 3′ UTR 10 BCL11A chr2 60685409 T 12 3′ UTR 10 C14orf101 chr14 57114799 A 13 3′ UTR 10 C15orf29 chr15 34434105 T 12 3′ UTR 10 C17orf63 chr17 27083744 T 12 3′ UTR 10 CBFB chr16 67133068 T 11 3′ UTR 10 CBX5 chr12 54628041 T 13 3′ UTR 10 CD36 chr7 80306123 T 12 3′ UTR 10 EPS15 chr1 51821385 A 13 3′ UTR 10 ERBB2IP chr5 65375200 T 15 3′ UTR 10 ERGIC2 chr12 29493722 T 11 3′ UTR 10 FAM38B chr18 10670849 T 14 3′ UTR 10 FGF9 chr13 22278024 T 13 3′ UTR 10 FLRT2 chr14 86090074 A 12 3′ UTR 10 GABPB1 chr15 50570604 A 13 3′ UTR 10 GBP1 chr1 89518865 T 13 3′ UTR 10 HIPK1 chr1 114519857 T 14 3′ UTR 10 KCNG1 chr20 49620212 T 14 3′ UTR 10 LPHN3 chr4 62936763 T 12 3′ UTR 10 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55535728 T 13 3′ UTR 10 MSR1 chr8 15997800 A 11 3′ UTR 10 NCEH1 chr3 172348807 A 12 3′ UTR 10 PEX13 chr2 61276332 T 15 3′ UTR 10 PTEN chr10 89725293 T 11 3′ UTR 10 RBMS1 chr2 161128989 T 13 3′ UTR 10 RSPO2 chr8 108912568 A 11 3′ UTR 10 SEMA6A chr5 115779928 A 13 3′ UTR 10 SLAIN2 chr4 48428163 T 11 3′ UTR 10 SNX31 chr8 101585895 T 11 3′ UTR 10 TMEM57 chr1 25826052 T 12 3′ UTR 10 TMTC3 chr12 88591979 T 13 3′ UTR 10 UST chr6 149398012 T 13 3′ UTR 10 VEGFA chr6 43754176 A 12 3′ UTR 10 KLHL4 chrX 86922591 A 13 3′ UTR 9 AEN chr15 89174888 T 12 3′ UTR 9 ALDH8A1 chr6 135238907 T 10 3′ UTR 9 ANK2 chr4 114303782 T 11 3′ UTR 9 ARHGAP17 chr16 24930800 A 14 3′ UTR 9 ASPN chr9 95218905 A 12 3′ UTR 9 BCL11B chr14 99637947 T 12 3′ UTR 9 BCL7A chr12 122498799 A 12 3′ UTR 9 BRAP chr12 112080129 T 12 3′ UTR 9 C11orf87 chr11 109296012 A 12 3′ UTR 9 C15orf2 chr15 24927891 A 10 3′ UTR 9 CACNB4 chr2 152694131 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CALN1 chr7 71245682 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CAMK2A chr5 149600684 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CBLN4 chr20 54572755 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CCDC85C chr14 99978765 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CD1E chr1 158327025 T 13 3′ UTR 9 CISD1 chr10 60048285 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CMTM6 chr3 32523862 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CNR1 chr6 88853530 A 11 3′ UTR 9 CSNK1E chr22 38686807 T 12 3′ UTR 9 CYP1B1 chr2 38297055 T 12 3′ UTR 9 DLGAP2 chr8 1652939 A 11 3′ UTR 9 DRAM2 chr1 111660181 A 11 3′ UTR 9 DUSP10 chr1 221875661 A 11 3′ UTR 9 EHD4 chr15 42191704 A 12 3′ UTR 9 EPT1 chr2 26617514 T 11 3′ UTR 9 FAM104A chr17 71204073 A 13 3′ UTR 9 FAM46A chr6 82458103 A 13 3′ UTR 9 FMO2 chr1 171178335 A 11 3′ UTR 9 FOXN3 chr14 89622979 T 13 3′ UTR 9 FRMD4A chr10 13686797 A 12 3′ UTR 9 FYN chr6 111982555 T 12 3′ UTR 9 GLI3 chr7 42001569 A 11 3′ UTR 9 H3F3C chr12 31944217 T 12 3′ UTR 9 HIPK2 chr7 139249947 A 14 3′ UTR 9 HNRNPK chr9 86583189 T 12 3′ UTR 9 IER3IP1 chr18 44682385 A 11 3′ UTR 9 IFNGR1 chr6 137518966 A 14 3′ UTR 9 IL33 chr9 6256984 T 12 3′ UTR 9 KCTD7 chr7 66105589 T 11 3′ UTR 9 KCTD9 chr8 25286171 A 12 3′ UTR 9 KIAA1712 chr4 175238738 T 13 3′ UTR 9 KIAA2018 chr3 113371321 A 11 3′ UTR 9 KRT8 chr12 53291007 A 11 3′ UTR 9 LARP4B chr10 856116 A 13 3′ UTR 9 MED1 chr17 37561712 T 13 3′ UTR 9 MED28 chr4 17626082 T 11 3′ UTR 9 METTL9 chr16 21667438 A 12 3′ UTR 9 MEX3A chr1 156043944 T 11 3′ UTR 9 MLL2 chr12 49413580 A 12 3′ UTR 9 NAALAD2 chr11 89925062 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PCBD2 chr5 134296980 T 14 3′ UTR 9 PCDH9 chr13 66878392 A 26 3′ UTR 9 PGK1 chrX 77381770 T 13 3′ UTR 9 PHACTR2 chr6 144151003 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PI15 chr8 75766071 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PLEKHA2 chr8 38830288 T 13 3′ UTR 9 PPP2R3A chr3 135865826 T 11 3′ UTR 9 PRCC chr1 156770552 T 12 3′ UTR 9 PRKD3 chr2 37478759 T 12 3′ UTR 9 PRPF40A chr2 153512044 T 15 3′ UTR 9 PSEN1 chr14 73688298 T 13 3′ UTR 9 RCC2 chr1 17735285 A 14 3′ UTR 9 RELL1 chr4 37613352 A 12 3′ UTR 9 RGS16 chr1 182569291 T 26 3′ UTR 9 RUNDC3B chr7 87460421 T 12 3′ UTR 9 SATB2 chr2 200136194 T 12 3′ UTR 9 SCML4 chr6 108025850 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SEC61G chr7 54819993 A 11 3′ UTR 9 SENP1 chr12 48436768 T 11 3′ UTR 9 SLC35D1 chr1 67465371 A 13 3′ UTR 9 SMAD3 chr15 67486032 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SPIN1 chr9 91090830 A 12 3′ UTR 9 SRC chr20 36033633 T 13 3′ UTR 9 TACC1 chr8 38705639 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TAF4B chr18 23971176 A 14 3′ UTR 9 TBC1D24 chr16 2553486 A 13 3′ UTR 9 THAP1 chr8 42692467 A 12 3′ UTR 9 TMEM106B chr7 12273303 A 13 3′ UTR 9 TMEM14B chr6 10756863 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TMEM209 chr7 129805893 A 12 3′ UTR 9 TMEM33 chr4 41959614 T 14 3′ UTR 9 TRA2A chr7 23544783 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TRIM66 chr11 8635430 A 9 3′ UTR 9 TTBK2 chr15 43037302 A 12 3′ UTR 9 UBE2M chr19 59067290 A 13 3′ UTR 9 USP44 chr12 95911789 A 11 3′ UTR 9 VCPIP1 chr8 67545797 A 15 3′ UTR 9 VGLL4 chr3 11599949 T 13 3′ UTR 9 XPO4 chr13 21356029 A 10 3′ UTR 9 ZBTB3 chr11 62519422 A 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF264 chr19 57730525 A 14 3′ UTR 9 ZNF347 chr19 53643153 T 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF704 chr8 81550824 A 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF740 chr12 53582896 T 11 3′ UTR 8 A1CF chr10 52566432 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ABAT chr16 8876792 T 11 3′ UTR 8 ABI1 chr10 27037487 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ACTR2 chr2 65498035 A 12 3′ UTR 8 AIDA chr1 222841524 T 10 3′ UTR 8 AKIRIN1 chr1 39471672 A 10 3′ UTR 8 APH1B chr15 63600287 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ARHGAP18 chr6 129898731 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ARHGAP5 chr14 32627034 T 11 3′ UTR 8 ASB7 chr15 101189293 T 10 3′ UTR 8 ATRX chrX 76763679 A 13 3′ UTR 8 BACE1 chr11 117159733 T 11 3′ UTR 8 C4orf49 chr4 140187661 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CADPS chr3 62384481 T 10 3′ UTR 8 CALML4 chr15 68483096 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CAMKK2 chr12 121676365 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CANX chr5 179158477 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CANX chr5 179155907 T 12 3′ UTR 8 CAP2 chr6 17556926 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CCDC43 chr17 42754916 T 13 3′ UTR 8 CCDC89 chr11 85395559 T 10 3′ UTR 8 CD47 chr3 107762288 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CDC23 chr5 137524388 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CELF2 chr10 11373567 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CHM chrX 85118100 T 13 3′ UTR 8 COPA chr1 160258927 T 15 3′ UTR 8 CPEB3 chr10 93809826 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CPNE3 chr8 87571865 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CRTAP chr3 33187520 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CSDA chr12 10851811 T 14 3′ UTR 8 CSMD2 chr1 33979967 T 12 3′ UTR 8 DCP2 chr5 112351058 T 11 3′ UTR 8 DDHD1 chr14 53513439 A 12 3′ UTR 8 DIEXF chr1 210026704 T 15 3′ UTR 8 DLG3 chrX 69722274 T 13 3′ UTR 8 DLGAP2 chr8 1653883 T 11 3′ UTR 8 DSC3 chr18 28573880 A 12 3′ UTR 8 EFNA5 chr5 106714693 A 12 3′ UTR 8 EPHA4 chr2 222290623 T 11 3′ UTR 8 EXOSC2 chr9 133579920 A 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM107B chr10 14561157 T 12 3′ UTR 8 FAM116A chr3 57611367 A 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM8A1 chr6 17609273 T 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM91A1 chr8 124826583 T 12 3′ UTR 8 FGFBP3 chr10 93666830 A 11 3′ UTR 8 GABRG2 chr5 161581834 A 11 3′ UTR 8 GAL chr11 68458592 T 12 3′ UTR 8 GLS chr2 191828629 T 12 3′ UTR 8 GPAM chr10 113910871 T 12 3′ UTR 8 HCRTR2 chr6 55147361 T 12 3′ UTR 8 HERPUD2 chr7 35672678 T 14 3′ UTR 8 HIP1 chr7 75166838 A 11 3′ UTR 8 HIPK2 chr7 139257355 T 11 3′ UTR 8 HMGCS1 chr5 43290194 A 16 3′ UTR 8 HNRNPUL1 chr19 41812943 A 12 3′ UTR 8 HSPA9 chr5 137891047 A 13 3′ UTR 8 IFIT2 chr10 91068075 T 12 3′ UTR 8 IGF2BP1 chr17 47129195 T 12 3′ UTR 8 KLF9 chr9 73002115 T 11 3′ UTR 8 LHFPL4 chr3 9543422 A 13 3′ UTR 8 LRAT chr4 155673737 A 10 3′ UTR 8 LSM14A chr19 34718607 T 12 3′ UTR 8 MAP3K5 chr6 136878751 T 14 3′ UTR 8 MED13 chr17 60023567 A 10 3′ UTR 8 MESDC1 chr15 81296129 T 12 3′ UTR 8 METTL21B chr12 58175145 T 15 3′ UTR 8 MITF chr3 70014804 A 11 3′ UTR 8 MS4A7 chr11 60161438 A 12 3′ UTR 8 MTF2 chr1 93602675 A 14 3′ UTR 8 NAP1L4 chr11 2966276 A 15 3′ UTR 8 NEDD1 chr12 97346987 A 13 3′ UTR 8 NEK5 chr13 52639268 A 13 3′ UTR 8 OXR1 chr8 107763507 T 13 3′ UTR 8 PAPD5 chr16 50264031 A 13 3′ UTR 8 PDE9A chr21 44195537 A 13 3′ UTR 8 PIGM chr1 159998798 T 11 3′ UTR 8 PM20D2 chr6 89874860 T 11 3′ UTR 8 POGZ chr1 151377008 A 13 3′ UTR 8 POMT2 chr14 77741349 T 11 3′ UTR 8 POU2F2 chr19 42595246 T 17 3′ UTR 8 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119766958 A 12 3′ UTR 8 RAP2A chr13 98118463 A 14 3′ UTR 8 RBM25 chr14 73587904 T 14 3′ UTR 8 RBM33 chr7 155569742 T 13 3′ UTR 8 RBM45 chr2 178994205 T 11 3′ UTR 8 RIMKLB chr12 8926680 T 11 3′ UTR 8 RNF149 chr2 101893233 A 10 3′ UTR 8 RNLS chr10 90034667 A 11 3′ UTR 8 RORA chr15 60788653 A 12 3′ UTR 8 SAMD5 chr6 147887423 T 12 3′ UTR 8 SAR1A chr10 71911798 A 12 3′ UTR 8 SEL1L chr14 81942829 T 13 3′ UTR 8 SEMA4D chr9 91992883 A 13 3′ UTR 8 SETX chr9 135139195 T 11 3′ UTR 8 SH3RF1 chr4 170017405 A 14 3′ UTR 8 SMARCC2 chr12 56556167 A 14 3′ UTR 8 SNRNP40 chr1 31732677 A 11 3′ UTR 8 SOX4 chr6 21596500 A 12 3′ UTR 8 ST7L chr1 113067470 A 10 3′ UTR 8 STXBP5 chr6 147708451 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TGIF2 chr20 35220571 A 14 3′ UTR 8 TLE3 chr15 70340967 A 11 3′ UTR 8 TMC7 chr16 19073947 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TMEM57 chr1 25825931 T 13 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40722031 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40720866 T 14 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40720294 T 15 3′ UTR 8 TRPS1 chr8 116424407 A 12 3′ UTR 8 TSGA10 chr2 99614595 A 13 3′ UTR 8 TSPAN14 chr10 82279557 T 14 3′ UTR 8 TTL chr2 113289264 A 11 3′ UTR 8 TTLL5 chr14 76420881 T 11 3′ UTR 8 UBA6 chr4 68481877 T 12 3′ UTR 8 UFM1 chr13 38935214 T 11 3′ UTR 8 VCP chr9 35056078 T 12 3′ UTR 8 VEZF1 chr17 56049540 T 11 3′ UTR 8 WHSC1L1 chr8 38175279 A 11 3′ UTR 8 WSB1 chr17 25640066 A 15 3′ UTR 8 ZBTB43 chr9 129596297 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ZNF12 chr7 6730082 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF238 chr1 244220229 T 10 3′ UTR 8 ZNF281 chr1 200375822 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF621 chr3 40575421 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ADRBK2 chr22 26121915 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ALG9 chr11 111655441 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ANKIB1 chr7 92029899 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ANKRD28 chr3 15709862 T 13 3′ UTR 7 ARFIP1 chr4 153832102 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ARID4A chr14 58840119 T 10 3′ UTR 7 ATP11A chr13 113540850 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ATP2B1 chr12 89984601 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ATXN1 chr6 16300902 T 11 3′ UTR 7 BOD1L chr4 13570453 A 11 3′ UTR 7 C14orf37 chr14 58471378 T 11 3′ UTR 7 C2orf29 chr2 101886538 T 12 3′ UTR 7 C3orf58 chr3 143709141 T 11 3′ UTR 7 C3orf62 chr3 49308391 A 11 3′ UTR 7 C3orf72 chr3 138671354 T 13 3′ UTR 7 C8orf44-SGK3,SGK3 chr8 67772690 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CALN1 chr7 71249416 T 10 3′ UTR 7 CASK chrX 41377809 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CD300LB chr17 72518440 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CDC25A chr3 48199852 T 12 3′ UTR 7 CDC73 chr1 193220974 T 12 3′ UTR 7 CDKN2AIPNL chr5 133738313 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CELSR1 chr22 46756848 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CMIP chr16 81744987 A 10 3′ UTR 7 COIL chr17 55016354 A 14 3′ UTR 7 COPS7B chr2 232673378 T 13 3′ UTR 7 COX18 chr4 73923142 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CSNK1E chr22 38686864 A 11 3′ UTR 7 DCP1A chr3 53321360 T 27 3′ UTR 7 DNAJC27 chr2 25167221 T 14 3′ UTR 7 DNMT3B chr20 31395997 T 11 3′ UTR 7 DTNA chr18 32446839 T 12 3′ UTR 7 EFNB1 chrX 68061978 A 12 3′ UTR 7 ENTPD1 chr10 97628618 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ERBB4 chr2 212247967 A 18 3′ UTR 7 EYA1 chr8 72110673 A 12 3′ UTR 7 FAM118A chr22 45736689 T 11 3′ UTR 7 FAM126B chr2 201838933 A 13 3′ UTR 7 FAM13B chr5 137274915 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FAM169A chr5 74075446 T 12 3′ UTR 7 FAM60A chr12 31435556 A 10 3′ UTR 7 FBLN7 chr2 112945284 T 11 3′ UTR 7 FGF9 chr13 22277774 T 10 3′ UTR 7 FKBP5 chr6 35554624 T 12 3′ UTR 7 FOXO3 chr6 109005013 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FXR1 chr3 180694863 T 14 3′ UTR 7 GBP6 chr1 89851722 A 13 3′ UTR 7 GNB1 chr1 1717242 T 12 3′ UTR 7 GNRHR chr4 68604166 A 12 3′ UTR 7 GPC3 chrX 132670054 A 13 3′ UTR 7 GRIK2 chr6 102517011 T 11 3′ UTR 7 H3F3B chr17 73774199 T 13 3′ UTR 7 HAS2 chr8 122625936 A 12 3′ UTR 7 HELZ chr17 65073603 A 11 3′ UTR 7 HIPK2 chr7 139250450 T 11 3′ UTR 7 HN1 chr17 73132058 A 12 3′ UTR 7 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088002 T 10 3′ UTR 7 HNRNPR chr1 23636874 T 11 3′ UTR 7 HUS1B chr6 656079 A 10 3′ UTR 7 KDM5A chr12 389523 T 11 3′ UTR 7 KHNYN chr14 24908391 T 11 3′ UTR 7 KIF3A chr5 132029672 A 14 3′ UTR 7 KIF5C chr2 149879665 T 10 3′ UTR 7 KLHL28 chr14 45398006 T 11 3′ UTR 7 LRCH1 chr13 47325657 A 10 3′ UTR 7 LRIG2 chr1 113667282 T 11 3′ UTR 7 LRP6 chr12 12272288 A 12 3′ UTR 7 MAGEB3 chrX 30255422 A 11 3′ UTR 7 MAK chr6 10764372 T 9 3′ UTR 7 MCTS1 chrX 119754487 A 14 3′ UTR 7 MDM2 chr12 69236873 T 13 3′ UTR 7 MED19 chr11 57471199 T 13 3′ UTR 7 MESDC1 chr15 81296262 T 9 3′ UTR 7 MGAT4A chr2 99235842 A 11 3′ UTR 7 MLL3 chr7 151832596 T 11 3′ UTR 7 MTMR9 chr8 11185354 A 10 3′ UTR 7 NAA35 chr9 88637203 A 10 3′ UTR 7 NAF1 chr4 164049985 A 11 3′ UTR 7 NHLH1 chr1 160341680 A 11 3′ UTR 7 NIPAL3 chr1 24799398 A 12 3′ UTR 7 NPAS3 chr14 34271068 A 12 3′ UTR 7 NRF1 chr7 129395138 T 11 3′ UTR 7 NTRK2 chr9 87487518 T 11 3′ UTR 7 PALM2 chr9 112708967 A 25 3′ UTR 7 PAPSS2 chr10 89507276 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PCDH7 chr4 31146675 T 12 3′ UTR 7 PCSK2 chr20 17463028 T 11 3′ UTR 7 PHF6 chrX 133561520 T 10 3′ UTR 7 PKP4 chr2 159537312 T 10 3′ UTR 7 PLXNA4 chr7 131809795 A 13 3′ UTR 7 POFUT1 chr20 30826323 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PPP1CB chr2 29024298 T 14 3′ UTR 7 PPP2R3A chr3 135865709 A 14 3′ UTR 7 PRPF4 chr9 116054493 A 14 3′ UTR 7 PRPF40A chr2 153509691 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PRR23A chr3 138723892 A 9 3′ UTR 7 PSMD11 chr17 30807996 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PTAFR chr1 28475836 T 27 3′ UTR 7 PTPN11 chr12 112944240 T 12 3′ UTR 7 PTPN18 chr2 131131908 T 14 3′ UTR 7 PTPRJ chr11 48189153 T 13 3′ UTR 7 PURB chr7 44920830 A 9 3′ UTR 7 RB1CC1 chr8 53536112 A 11 3′ UTR 7 RBM12B chr8 94745437 A 11 3′ UTR 7 RC3H1 chr1 173901043 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RDH10 chr8 74236678 T 10 3′ UTR 7 RECK chr9 36123172 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RPS6KA2 chr6 166824706 T 13 3′ UTR 7 RS1 chrX 18659977 A 13 3′ UTR 7 RUNDC3B chr7 87459581 A 13 3′ UTR 7 RXRA chr9 137331937 A 12 3′ UTR 7 RYBP chr3 72424549 T 9 3′ UTR 7 RYR3 chr15 34157541 A 10 3′ UTR 7 SAMD10 chr20 62605493 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SEC31A chr4 83740163 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SENP1 chr12 48437910 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SGCD chr5 156190730 A 12 3′ UTR 7 SH3BP5 chr3 15297082 T 13 3′ UTR 7 SH3RF1 chr4 170016066 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC16A7 chr12 60173983 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC2A3 chr12 8072022 T 13 3′ UTR 7 SLC30A7 chr1 101446221 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC7A11 chr4 139092374 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC9A2 chr2 103326258 T 10 3′ UTR 7 SMAD4 chr18 48609102 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SNAPC1 chr14 62262433 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SNAPC3 chr9 15461137 A 13 3′ UTR 7 SNX27 chr1 151666826 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SPCS3 chr4 177250201 T 10 3′ UTR 7 STARD7 chr2 96851899 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TBC1D22B chr6 37299299 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TBL1XR1 chr3 176741889 A 13 3′ UTR 7 TFAP2C chr20 55213320 T 11 3′ UTR 7 TIGD6 chr5 149373143 T 13 3′ UTR 7 TMEM108 chr3 133116233 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TMEM161B chr5 87491917 T 10 3′ UTR 7 TMEM47 chrX 34646666 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TMEM64 chr8 91637753 A 12 3′ UTR 7 TNRC6B chr22 40719790 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TNRC6C chr17 76101834 T 9 3′ UTR 7 TOMM20 chr1 235275027 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TPH1 chr11 18042321 A 11 3′ UTR 7 UACA chr15 70946988 A 12 3′ UTR 7 UBXN7 chr3 196080741 T 11 3′ UTR 7 UGT2B28 chr4 70160632 A 11 3′ UTR 7 USP28 chr11 113669136 A 11 3′ UTR 7 WDR82 chr3 52289627 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZBTB34 chr9 129646763 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ZBTB44 chr11 130102910 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZDHHC13 chr11 19197719 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF136 chr19 12299608 A 13 3′ UTR 7 ZNF238 chr1 244219573 A 9 3′ UTR 7 ZNF563 chr19 12428823 T 15 3′ UTR 7 ZNF652 chr17 47369576 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ZNF716 chr7 57529811 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF737 chr19 20723566 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZNF737 chr19 20722094 A 14 3′ UTR 6 MARCH1 chr4 164446860 T 9 3′ UTR 6 ADRA1D chr20 4201344 T 10 3′ UTR 6 AJAP1 chr1 4843660 T 11 3′ UTR 6 AK4 chr1 65692499 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ANKH chr5 14705393 A 13 3′ UTR 6 ANKRD13C chr1 70727638 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ANKRD40 chr17 48770711 A 10 3′ UTR 6 AP1AR chr4 113190822 A 11 3′ UTR 6 APOL1 chr22 36662141 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ARHGAP28 chr18 6914974 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ARID1B chr6 157530262 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ARIH1 chr15 72877867 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ARL10 chr5 175800426 T 10 3′ UTR 6 ATF2 chr2 175939223 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ATP11C chrX 138809822 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ATXN1 chr6 16301824 A 13 3′ UTR 6 BCLAF1 chr6 136581674 T 11 3′ UTR 6 BIN1 chr2 127805622 T 10 3′ UTR 6 BNIP3L chr8 26268445 A 10 3′ UTR 6 BOD1L chr4 13571144 A 10 3′ UTR 6 C1orf9 chr1 172580460 T 9 3′ UTR 6 C5orf43 chr5 60453908 A 9 3′ UTR 6 C6orf145 chr6 3723315 A 11 3′ UTR 6 C9orf167 chr9 140176659 T 10 3′ UTR 6 CAMLG chr5 134086670 A 13 3′ UTR 6 CBL chr11 119175340 T 14 3′ UTR 6 CCND2 chr12 4411110 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CCNE2 chr8 95892992 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CHD7 chr8 61778758 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CHP chr15 41572703 T 27 3′ UTR 6 CIT chr12 120123939 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CLCN5 chrX 49862213 A 12 3′ UTR 6 CLN8 chr8 1729701 T 14 3′ UTR 6 CLSPN chr1 36201819 A 17 3′ UTR 6 CRTC1 chr19 18890267 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DAG1 chr3 49571620 T 11 3′ UTR 6 DNAJB7 chr22 41256660 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DNAJC17 chr15 41060070 A 14 3′ UTR 6 DSTYK chr1 205112278 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DYRK2 chr12 68054141 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EBF1 chr5 158125829 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ECE1 chr1 21546032 A 10 3′ UTR 6 EGR3 chr8 22545637 T 11 3′ UTR 6 EIF4EBP2 chr10 72188037 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EIF5A2 chr3 170607962 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ELTD1 chr1 79356149 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ENTPD4 chr8 23289680 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EPM2AIP1 chr3 37030780 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ERBB2IP chr5 65376306 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ERBB4 chr2 212243952 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM120C chrX 54098998 A 12 3′ UTR 6 FAM122A chr9 71396662 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM168B chr2 131805979 G 9 3′ UTR 6 FBLIM1 chr1 16112130 A 10 3′ UTR 6 FBXO21 chr12 117582899 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FBXO27 chr19 39514872 T 12 3′ UTR 6 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118594 A 11 3′ UTR 6 FOXP1 chr3 71007140 T 11 3′ UTR 6 G3BP1 chr5 151184779 T 11 3′ UTR 6 GABRB2 chr5 160717254 T 12 3′ UTR 6 GDA chr9 74866560 T 12 3′ UTR 6 GIT1 chr17 27901146 A 12 3′ UTR 6 GJC1 chr17 42878975 T 13 3′ UTR 6 GPR4 chr19 46093443 A 11 3′ UTR 6 GSK3B chr3 119544323 A 9 3′ UTR 6 GSR chr8 30536666 A 19 3′ UTR 6 GTF3C1 chr16 27471985 T 11 3′ UTR 6 HAS2 chr8 122625490 T 10 3′ UTR 6 HMGN2 chr1 26801737 T 15 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088125 A 12 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPH2, chrX 100668932 T 13 3′ UTR RPL36A-HNRNPH2 6 HNRNPU chr1 245014280 T 11 3′ UTR 6 HOMEZ chr14 23744114 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ICA1L chr2 203642599 T 22 3′ UTR 6 IGF2BP3 chr7 23350733 T 12 3′ UTR 6 IGFBP5 chr2 217537045 T 14 3′ UTR 6 ILF3 chr19 10796313 T 10 3′ UTR 6 INSR chr19 7112347 A 9 3′ UTR 6 IPCEF1 chr6 154476149 A 12 3′ UTR 6 KCNJ2 chr17 68175917 A 10 3′ UTR 6 KDM5A chr12 393489 T 12 3′ UTR 6 KHSRP chr19 6413651 T 10 3′ UTR 6 KIAA0825 chr5 93489194 T 8 3′ UTR 6 KIAA1671 chr22 25592399 T 12 3′ UTR 6 LANCL1 chr2 211297865 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LCORL chr4 17882781 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LIN7C chr11 27517703 A 14 3′ UTR 6 LMO4 chr1 87813143 A 11 3′ UTR 6 LRRC4 chr7 127668232 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LYRM7 chr5 130537006 A 12 3′ UTR 6 MAGI1 chr3 65340577 T 11 3′ UTR 6 MAL chr2 95719330 A 10 3′ UTR 6 MEIS2 chr15 37183446 T 10 3′ UTR 6 MKL1 chr22 40806781 C 9 3′ UTR 6 MKLN1 chr7 131175980 A 10 3′ UTR 6 MTDH chr8 98740104 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NANP chr20 25595618 A 11 3′ UTR 6 NAPEPLD chr7 102742595 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NCEH1 chr3 172349171 T 12 3′ UTR 6 NCOA5 chr20 44689693 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NKAIN2 chr6 125146684 T 9 3′ UTR 6 NPNT chr4 106892254 T 13 3′ UTR 6 NPR3 chr5 32786465 T 11 3′ UTR 6 NR2F2 chr15 96881216 T 10 3′ UTR 6 NR3C1 chr5 142657694 T 9 3′ UTR 6 NUFIP2 chr17 27584536 T 12 3′ UTR 6 OPA3 chr19 46052745 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ORAI3 chr16 30965549 T 15 3′ UTR 6 OTUB2 chr14 94512841 A 11 3′ UTR 6 OXR1 chr8 107764239 A 10 3′ UTR 6 PAQR7 chr1 26188503 A 31 3′ UTR 6 PCDHB3 chr5 140482943 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PDP2 chr16 66920308 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PEBP1 chr12 118582973 A 21 3′ UTR 6 PELI2 chr14 56764487 T 13 3′ UTR 6 PGPEP1 chr19 18477965 A 20 3′ UTR 6 PGR chr11 100902321 T 15 3′ UTR 6 PHLDA1 chr12 76421757 T 12 3′ UTR 6 PID1 chr2 229889188 A 9 3′ UTR 6 PIGN chr18 59712451 A 11 3′ UTR 6 PIM2 chrX 48770831 A 20 3′ UTR 6 PLAA chr9 26904508 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PLEKHA6 chr1 204190022 A 13 3′ UTR 6 PPM1A chr14 60761433 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PPP1R3D chr20 58513623 T 11 3′ UTR 6 PRDM1 chr6 106557171 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PTCD3 chr2 86366926 A 11 3′ UTR 6 PTGDR chr14 52741746 A 11 3′ UTR 6 RAB22A chr20 56941068 T 10 3′ UTR 6 RAB8B chr15 63557574 T 13 3′ UTR 6 RAD51L1 chr14 68964202 T 12 3′ UTR 6 RBM12B chr8 94744118 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RNF10 chr12 121014987 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RORA chr15 60785852 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RRAGD chr6 90076341 A 13 3′ UTR 6 RRM2B chr8 103216874 A 9 3′ UTR 6 RTF1 chr15 41775015 T 10 3′ UTR 6 RUFY3 chr4 71655520 A 12 3′ UTR 6 S100A4 chr1 153516162 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SBK1 chr16 28334644 A 13 3′ UTR 6 SERBP1 chr1 67878789 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698671 T 17 3′ UTR 6 SLC16A6 chr17 66265042 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC25A20 chr3 48894565 A 12 3′ UTR 6 SLC30A5 chr5 68399959 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC35B4 chr7 133977008 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SLC44A5 chr1 75668544 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLMAP chr3 57913669 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SMAD5 chr5 135515014 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SMEK1 chr14 91924528 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SOCS4 chr14 55512747 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SORCS1 chr10 108333635 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SOX1 chr13 112724861 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SOX4 chr6 21597192 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SPIRE1 chr18 12449300 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SPTLC2 chr14 77975645 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SRCIN1 chr17 36687785 T 12 3′ UTR 6 STEAP3 chr2 120023163 T 12 3′ UTR 6 STK11 chr19 1228058 T 11 3′ UTR 6 STX12 chr1 28150575 T 10 3′ UTR 6 STX3 chr11 59569295 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SULF2 chr20 46286320 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SUZ12 chr17 30326763 T 12 3′ UTR 6 SYNJ2BP chr14 70834868 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TARDBP chr1 11084333 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TBC1D1 chr4 38140081 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TBC1D5 chr3 17201870 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TCERG1 chr5 145890609 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TCF20 chr22 42556646 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TFAP2B chr6 50814900 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TLCD2 chr17 1608003 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TMTC3 chr12 88591036 T 25 3′ UTR 6 TMTC3 chr12 88590177 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TNIP3 chr4 122052756 T 22 3′ UTR 6 TNRC6B chr22 40731027 T 10 3′ UTR 6 TOR1AIP1 chr1 179888400 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TP53INP1 chr8 95941646 A 13 3′ UTR 6 TRIM66 chr11 8636480 T 13 3′ UTR 6 TRRAP chr7 98610830 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TSR2 chrX 54471045 T 10 3′ UTR 6 TTC30B chr2 178415366 T 10 3′ UTR 6 UBASH3B chr11 122681008 T 13 3′ UTR 6 VAX1 chr10 118893337 A 10 3′ UTR 6 WDFY1 chr2 224742022 T 12 3′ UTR 6 WIF1 chr12 65444595 T 13 3′ UTR 6 XKR7 chr20 30585884 G 10 3′ UTR 6 XYLT1 chr16 17199775 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZADH2 chr18 72910475 T 13 3′ UTR 6 ZBTB7A chr19 4046340 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF238 chr1 244219033 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF24 chr18 32917176 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF362 chr1 33764950 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF407 chr18 72516095 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF430 chr19 21241252 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ZNF80 chr3 113954690 A 12 3′ UTR 5 ABHD2 chr15 89739843 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ABI2 chr2 204292194 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ACOX1 chr17 73941869 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ACTBL2 chr5 56777006 T 10 3′ UTR 5 AFF2 chrX 148080284 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ANAPC16 chr10 73993363 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ARF5 chr7 127231635 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ARL1 chr12 101787092 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ASAH1 chr8 17914871 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ATP1B2 chr17 7560698 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ATXN7 chr3 63985894 T 11 3′ UTR 5 B3GNT7 chr2 232264806 T 26 3′ UTR 5 BAG1 chr9 33253979 T 12 3′ UTR 5 BCL11B chr14 99638830 A 9 3′ UTR 5 BMP7 chr20 55744815 T 10 3′ UTR 5 BTBD11 chr12 108052115 T 12 3′ UTR 5 BTBD7 chr14 93708030 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C14orf126 chr14 31917025 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C14orf28 chr14 45376124 A 12 3′ UTR 5 C18orf56 chr18 649879 T 15 3′ UTR 5 C20orf12 chr20 18364708 T 12 3′ UTR 5 C5orf41 chr5 172563230 A 11 3′ UTR 5 C7orf68 chr7 128097963 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C9orf66 chr9 214453 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CABP4 chr11 67226510 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CACNB4 chr2 152695481 T 11 3′ UTR 5 CASP2 chr7 143003342 T 25 3′ UTR 5 CBFB chr16 67133969 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CBX5 chr12 54630019 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CCDC102B chr18 66722368 A 9 3′ UTR 5 CCND1 chr11 69468187 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CCND2 chr12 4409520 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CCNL2 chr1 1327869 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CCR1 chr3 46244273 G 10 3′ UTR 5 CDH3 chr16 68732679 T 11 3′ UTR 5 CEP68 chr2 65312945 A 12 3′ UTR 5 CGGBP1 chr3 88104472 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CHMP2B chr3 87303064 A 14 3′ UTR 5 CIB2 chr15 78397249 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CLEC5A chr7 141627861 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CNST chr1 246830426 A 10 3′ UTR 5 COL19A1 chr6 70918737 T 12 3′ UTR 5 COL8A2 chr1 36561052 A 10 3′ UTR 5 COX16,SYNJ2BP-COX16 chr14 70793015 A 14 3′ UTR 5 CPLX4 chr18 56963029 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CREB3L2 chr7 137563914 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CSNK1G1 chr15 64461259 A 9 3′ UTR 5 CTIF chr18 46388423 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CUL5 chr11 107975795 T 13 3′ UTR 5 CYP17A1 chr10 104590293 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DAND5 chr19 13084677 T 17 3′ UTR 5 DCUN1D5 chr11 102930486 G 7 3′ UTR 5 DDN chr12 49389156 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DDX5 chr17 62495664 A 10 3′ UTR 5 DDX6 chr11 118622141 A 10 3′ UTR 5 DLX3 chr17 48067712 T 14 3′ UTR 5 DNAJC15 chr13 43681779 T 9 3′ UTR 5 DNAJC18 chr5 138747976 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DOPEY2 chr21 37666277 A 14 3′ UTR 5 DPYSL2 chr8 26515559 T 10 3′ UTR 5 DSEL chr18 65174583 A 26 3′ UTR 5 DTNA chr18 32448118 A 16 3′ UTR 5 DYNC1LI2 chr16 66755235 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DYRK2 chr12 68055576 T 10 3′ UTR 5 EBF1 chr5 158125671 T 15 3′ UTR 5 EFNA5 chr5 106716350 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EFNA5 chr5 106712689 T 12 3′ UTR 5 EFR3B chr2 25378726 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ELAVL1 chr19 8023995 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ELAVL3 chr19 11562278 T 16 3′ UTR 5 EPS15 chr1 51822219 A 12 3′ UTR 5 ESRP1 chr8 95719492 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EVI5 chr1 92978704 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EVI5 chr1 92977467 T 11 3′ UTR 5 EXTL2 chr1 101338118 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FAF2 chr5 175935960 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM105A chr5 14611814 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM164A chr8 79631105 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM20B chr1 179044326 A 13 3′ UTR 5 FAM46A chr6 82457992 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FBN2 chr5 127594063 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FBRSL1 chr12 133160562 A 9 3′ UTR 5 FBXL4 chr6 99321799 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FBXO36 chr2 230876985 A 11 3′ UTR 5 FBXW2 chr9 123524089 A 12 3′ UTR 5 FCGR3A chr1 161512430 T 9 3′ UTR 5 FCHSD2 chr11 72549649 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FICD chr12 108913292 A 11 3′ UTR 5 FOXN2 chr2 48604358 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FOXN3 chr14 89627649 T 11 3′ UTR 5 GABRB2 chr5 160719907 A 9 3′ UTR 5 GNA13 chr17 63005677 A 10 3′ UTR 5 GNAI2 chr3 50296405 C 9 3′ UTR 5 GNAI2 chr3 50296330 A 12 3′ UTR 5 GPR12 chr13 27330332 T 10 3′ UTR 5 GPR137B chr1 236372038 T 10 3′ UTR 5 GPR37L1 chr1 202098133 T 21 3′ UTR 5 GRID1 chr10 87359476 T 11 3′ UTR 5 GRIN3A chr9 104331901 A 9 3′ UTR 5 GRPEL2 chr5 148731880 T 14 3′ UTR 5 HAPLN1 chr5 82937251 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HBS1L chr6 135357535 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HDAC4 chr2 239974109 A 9 3′ UTR 5 HEXA chr15 72636197 T 10 3′ UTR 5 HNRNPK chr9 86583800 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HOOK3 chr8 42876247 A 29 3′ UTR 5 HRH1 chr3 11303522 A 11 3′ UTR 5 HUWE1 chrX 53559710 T 11 3′ UTR 5 IGDCC4 chr15 65674432 A 12 3′ UTR 5 IGF1 chr12 102790988 A 11 3′ UTR 5 IGF2BP2 chr3 185361762 T 12 3′ UTR 5 IGFBP5 chr2 217537240 A 11 3′ UTR 5 INSR chr19 7116555 A 12 3′ UTR 5 JAM3 chr11 134020535 T 12 3′ UTR 5 KCTD1 chr18 24035448 T 12 3′ UTR 5 KCTD6 chr3 58487415 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KDM5A chr12 393804 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1324 chr1 109749368 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1324 chr1 109748644 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1737 chr14 77582032 T 14 3′ UTR 5 KIAA2026 chr9 5919249 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KLHL20 chr1 173754885 A 12 3′ UTR 5 KLHL24 chr3 183400567 T 10 3′ UTR 5 LDHAL6A chr11 18500557 T 12 3′ UTR 5 LENG8 chr19 54972801 T 9 3′ UTR 5 LHFP chr13 39917691 A 12 3′ UTR 5 LMO4 chr1 87811174 A 11 3′ UTR 5 LPHN3 chr4 62937355 A 12 3′ UTR 5 LPL chr8 19823634 A 11 3′ UTR 5 LRRC27 chr10 134193076 T 9 3′ UTR 5 LRRC4B chr19 51020187 T 10 3′ UTR 5 LTN1 chr21 30301899 T 10 3′ UTR 5 MAP1B chr5 71505347 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MAP3K7 chr6 91225524 A 9 3′ UTR 5 MAPK1 chr22 22114660 T 12 3′ UTR 5 MAX chr14 65543065 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MED1 chr17 37562164 T 11 3′ UTR 5 MED13 chr17 60022040 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MED28 chr4 17625638 T 10 3′ UTR 5 MKX chr10 27962805 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MNT chr17 2287533 T 13 3′ UTR 5 MOBKL2A chr19 2072745 A 13 3′ UTR 5 MORC1 chr3 108677146 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MST4 chrX 131208596 A 9 3′ UTR 5 MTA2 chr11 62360911 A 27 3′ UTR 5 MTF1 chr1 38278949 A 11 3′ UTR 5 NAA38 chr7 117832209 A 9 3′ UTR 5 NAPG chr18 10551001 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NCOA1 chr2 24991385 A 25 3′ UTR 5 NCOA3 chr20 46282984 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NKAIN4 chr20 61872616 T 12 3′ UTR 5 NLGN4X chrX 5808268 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NMNAT1 chr1 10044969 T 8 3′ UTR 5 NPLOC4 chr17 79525610 A 9 3′ UTR 5 NPNT chr4 106890724 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NR2F2 chr15 96881909 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NUFIP2 chr17 27585085 T 12 3′ UTR 5 ODZ4 chr11 78367062 T 9 3′ UTR 5 OGFOD1 chr16 56510333 T 12 3′ UTR 5 OPA3 chr19 46049757 T 14 3′ UTR 5 OSBP chr11 59341900 T 12 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50264179 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50263692 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50263454 A 8 3′ UTR 5 PFN1 chr17 4848972 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PHKB chr16 47734578 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PIGM chr1 159998080 T 11 3′ UTR 5 PIGM chr1 159997525 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PKP2 chr12 32944046 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PLAGL2 chr20 30781644 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PLEKHM3 chr2 208686453 A 10 3′ UTR 5 POLR3B chr12 106903452 A 9 3′ UTR 5 PPIC chr5 122359467 A 12 3′ UTR 5 PPP1R10 chr6 30568234 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PPP6C chr9 127911821 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PPPDE1 chr1 244869241 A 12 3′ UTR 5 PRKX chrX 3525721 T 9 3′ UTR 5 PRRG1 chrX 37313537 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PSMD5 chr9 123578376 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PTGS2 chr1 186642025 T 9 3′ UTR 5 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119765266 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RANBP10 chr16 67757024 T 10 3′ UTR 5 RASGRP4 chr19 38900377 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RBL1 chr20 35632028 A 13 3′ UTR 5 RBM15B chr3 51431679 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RBMS3 chr3 30046424 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RC3H1 chr1 173904709 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RHOBTB3 chr5 95129188 A 12 3′ UTR 5 RIMBP2 chr12 130882589 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RNF41 chr12 56599353 G 10 3′ UTR 5 RRP15 chr1 218506526 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SAMD12 chr8 119208740 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SAR1A chr10 71910315 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SARM1 chr17 26726913 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SATB2 chr2 200135086 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SCAI chr9 127706579 T 16 3′ UTR 5 SCAMP1 chr5 77772627 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SCUBE3 chr6 35216591 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SDC4 chr20 43954848 A 9 3′ UTR 5 SENP5 chr3 196660478 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SERPINE1 chr7 100781987 G 8 3′ UTR 5 SFRS18 chr6 99848035 A 12 3′ UTR 5 SH3KBP1 chrX 19553810 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SIK1 chr21 44835578 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SKI chr1 2240043 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SLC16A1 chr1 113455427 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SLC26A4 chr7 107357810 A 25 3′ UTR 5 SLC2A12 chr6 134312045 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC6A6 chr3 14526824 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC7A11 chr4 139090880 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SMAD5 chr5 135513612 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SMG1 chr16 18819070 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SMS chrX 22012649 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SMURF2 chr17 62541185 T 13 3′ UTR 5 SNAP23 chr15 42824292 T 14 3′ UTR 5 SOST chr17 41831361 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SPCS3 chr4 177250844 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SPOCK1 chr5 136313113 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SSR1 chr6 7284948 T 13 3′ UTR 5 SSR3 chr3 156259169 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ST3GAL5 chr2 86067101 A 9 3′ UTR 5 ST7L chr1 113066620 A 11 3′ UTR 5 STC2 chr5 172744019 T 12 3′ UTR 5 STX6 chr1 180945093 A 9 3′ UTR 5 SYNJ2BP chr14 70838863 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SYT11 chr1 155851834 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TAF8 chr6 42045495 T 11 3′ UTR 5 THRAP3 chr1 36770047 T 17 3′ UTR 5 TLL2 chr10 98124863 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TMEM119 chr12 108984472 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TMEM201 chr1 9674449 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TMOD3 chr15 52201130 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TMTC1 chr12 29656466 A 8 3′ UTR 5 TNFAIP1 chr17 26672324 A 10 3′ UTR 5 TNFAIP3 chr6 138204003 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TNRC6B chr22 40724536 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TRIP10 chr19 6751495 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TRPM1 chr15 31293995 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TSC22D2 chr3 150177375 T 13 3′ UTR 5 TTC39C chr18 21715264 T 11 3′ UTR 5 UBE2G2 chr21 46191155 A 12 3′ UTR 5 UBLCP1 chr5 158712401 A 11 3′ UTR 5 UBN2 chr7 138989574 T 10 3′ UTR 5 UGT8 chr4 115598050 T 11 3′ UTR 5 UTP15 chr5 72876582 T 12 3′ UTR 5 WASL chr7 123323428 A 12 3′ UTR 5 WDFY2 chr13 52334589 A 11 3′ UTR 5 WDR76 chr15 44158820 T 21 3′ UTR 5 XYLT1 chr16 17199280 T 8 3′ UTR 5 ZBTB41 chr1 197124441 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ZC3H6 chr2 113097277 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ZDBF2 chr2 207177005 T 8 3′ UTR 5 ZNF287 chr17 16454419 T 9 3′ UTR 5 ZNF395 chr8 28205776 T 27 3′ UTR 5 ZNF451 chr6 57033558 A 8 3′ UTR 5 ZNF566 chr19 36937171 T 18 3′ UTR 5 ZNF572 chr8 125990551 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF780B chr19 40535764 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ZXDC chr3 126179925 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ZYG11B chr1 53290310 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SEPT11 chr4 77957803 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ACVR1C chr2 158390343 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ACVR2A chr2 148687300 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ADAMTS18 chr16 77316279 T 11 3′ UTR 4 AGPAT5 chr8 6617153 A 11 3′ UTR 4 AKAP1 chr17 55198578 A 14 3′ UTR 4 ANKIB1 chr7 92030525 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ANKRD13B chr17 27941253 T 19 3′ UTR 4 ANKS1B chr12 99138458 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ARHGAP12 chr10 32096465 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ARID5B chr10 63853410 T 27 3′ UTR 4 ARL2BP chr16 57287376 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ARMC8 chr3 137964255 T 9 3′ UTR 4 ARPP19 chr15 52841555 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ATP6V0D1 chr16 67472221 G 9 3′ UTR 4 AXIN2 chr17 63525462 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BAG5 chr14 104023132 A 10 3′ UTR 4 BARX2 chr11 129321925 T 10 3′ UTR 4 BCL11A chr2 60685736 T 13 3′ UTR 4 BCL11A chr2 60684501 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BCL11B chr14 99637754 T 10 3′ UTR 4 BCL7A chr12 122498867 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BEND4 chr4 42114856 A 10 3′ UTR 4 BFAR chr16 14762692 A 16 3′ UTR 4 BRAF chr7 140434294 A 9 3′ UTR 4 BTBD7 chr14 93708031 A 9 3′ UTR 4 BTBD7 chr14 93705796 T 13 3′ UTR 4 C10orf46 chr10 120445285 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C10orf84 chr10 120069534 A 9 3′ UTR 4 C11orf41 chr11 33690228 T 8 3′ UTR 4 C11orf58 chr11 16777810 T 24 3′ UTR 4 C11orf58 chr11 16777368 T 9 3′ UTR 4 C12orf23 chr12 107367018 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf5 chr12 4463524 T 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf66 chr12 64587315 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf76 chr12 110479725 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C14orf101 chr14 57116192 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C14orf43 chr14 74183215 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C16orf45 chr16 15680717 C 9 3′ UTR 4 C16orf87 chr16 46836142 T 12 3′ UTR 4 C17orf78 chr17 35749617 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C18orf25 chr18 43846502 A 9 3′ UTR 4 C3orf70 chr3 184795851 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C6orf170 chr6 121401361 T 21 3′ UTR 4 C6orf62 chr6 24705738 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C7orf45 chr7 129856476 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C7orf69 chr7 47859241 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C8orf48 chr8 13425580 T 9 3′ UTR 4 C9 chr5 39285017 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CA5B chrX 15801003 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CABLES2 chr20 60965113 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CAPRIN1 chr11 34121880 T 8 3′ UTR 4 CBFA2T2 chr20 32236969 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CBL chr11 119172610 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CBY1 chr22 39069285 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CC2D1B chr1 52817555 A 22 3′ UTR 4 CCND1 chr11 69466274 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CD59 chr11 33730438 T 8 3′ UTR 4 CD96 chr3 111368930 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CDH13 chr16 83828683 A 11 3′ UTR 4 CDH4 chr20 60512276 A 19 3′ UTR 4 CEP164 chr11 117283967 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CEP57L1 chr6 109484935 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CHMP4C chr8 82671242 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CLCN5 chrX 49858223 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CLDN14 chr21 37833059 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CLEC3A chr16 78065330 T 12 3′ UTR 4 CMTM8 chr3 32411483 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CNNM1 chr10 101153279 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CNNM3 chr2 97499281 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CORO2B chr15 69020046 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CPSF2 chr14 92630061 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CREBBP chr16 3776240 G 10 3′ UTR 4 CRTC1 chr19 18890340 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CSMD3 chr8 113236641 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CTTN chr11 70281530 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP1B1 chr2 38296985 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP20A1 chr2 204163758 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP2C18 chr10 96495747 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CYP4F22 chr19 15662704 C 9 3′ UTR 4 DACH1 chr13 72014288 T 11 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D3 chr16 20870892 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D5 chr11 102928449 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DDHD1 chr14 53513329 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DDX18 chr2 118589332 A 9 3′ UTR 4 DDX3X chrX 41207099 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DFFB chr1 3801133 T 11 3′ UTR 4 DGCR8 chr22 20099229 C 16 3′ UTR 4 DICER1 chr14 95554259 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DLGAP4 chr20 35156622 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DPP8 chr15 65738415 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DSE chr6 116758558 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DSTYK chr1 205115701 T 16 3′ UTR 4 DUT chr15 48634591 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DUT chr15 48634443 A 9 3′ UTR 4 EAPP chr14 34985335 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EDEM1 chr3 5260540 T 10 3′ UTR 4 EEF2K chr16 22299309 T 19 3′ UTR 4 EIF2B2 chr14 75476004 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EIF4G3 chr1 21133145 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ELAVL3 chr19 11564674 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ERLIN2 chr8 37614867 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ESRRB chr14 76967818 G 8 3′ UTR 4 ETNK1 chr12 22839785 T 28 3′ UTR 4 ETS1 chr11 128329018 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FADS1 chr11 61567668 T 14 3′ UTR 4 FAIM3 chr1 207077642 T 18 3′ UTR 4 FAM101B chr17 292360 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM116A chr3 57612436 A 13 3′ UTR 4 FAM117B chr2 203633341 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM126B chr2 201845397 G 7 3′ UTR 4 FAM160B1 chr10 116621715 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FAM189A1 chr15 29414906 G 8 3′ UTR 4 FANCD2 chr3 10143061 T 25 3′ UTR 4 FBN2 chr5 127594650 A 8 3′ UTR 4 FBXO27 chr19 39515468 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FGD4 chr12 32798227 T 12 3′ UTR 4 FGD5 chr3 14976010 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FGF12 chr3 191859718 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118562 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FLCN chr17 17115789 A 26 3′ UTR 4 FMNL3 chr12 50033467 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FOXN2 chr2 48603079 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FOXO1 chr13 41132503 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FOXP1 chr3 71005222 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FPGT chr1 74672686 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FTSJD1 chr16 71317151 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FUT8 chr14 66209673 T 13 3′ UTR 4 FZD7 chr2 202902385 A 11 3′ UTR 4 GADL1 chr3 30769514 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GAL3ST4 chr7 99757342 A 13 3′ UTR 4 GAN chr16 81413521 T 12 3′ UTR 4 GAPVD1 chr9 128127210 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GATAD2A chr19 19617715 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GATAD2B chr1 153781275 A 20 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118411744 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118408218 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GFPT1 chr2 69549530 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GLCCI1 chr7 8127832 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GLDN chr15 51697574 T 21 3′ UTR 4 GLYR1 chr16 4853902 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GOLT1B chr12 21669842 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GPM6A chr4 176555451 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR124 chr8 37701260 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR155 chr2 175299037 T 13 3′ UTR 4 GPR161 chr1 168054505 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR180 chr13 95279582 A 8 3′ UTR 4 GPX8 chr5 54460112 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GRAMD3 chr5 125829168 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GSTCD chr4 106767825 T 20 3′ UTR 4 GXYLT1 chr12 42477780 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HCCS chrX 11140989 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HCN1 chr5 45260992 T 9 3′ UTR 4 HDAC4 chr2 239971996 A 11 3′ UTR 4 HELZ chr17 65067696 T 8 3′ UTR 4 HEY2 chr6 126081692 T 10 3′ UTR 4 HIF3A chr19 46843765 T 12 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPA1L2 chr13 53217847 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPK chr9 86584095 C 9 3′ UTR 4 HOOK1 chr1 60338642 A 8 3′ UTR 4 HP1BP3 chr1 21070971 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HS3ST5 chr6 114376959 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HUWE1 chrX 53559518 A 12 3′ UTR 4 IKZF4 chr12 56431620 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IL7R chr5 35876844 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IMPG2 chr3 100945663 A 9 3′ UTR 4 INSR chr19 7112871 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IRGQ chr19 44094353 A 11 3′ UTR 4 IRS1 chr2 227600758 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ISL1 chr5 50689706 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ITPRIPL1 chr2 96994050 A 10 3′ UTR 4 JAKMIP1 chr4 6055625 A 11 3′ UTR 4 KBTBD7 chr13 41766026 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KBTBD8 chr3 67059954 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KCNMA1 chr10 78646910 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KDELR2 chr7 6501817 A 10 3′ UTR 4 KDM5A chr12 393295 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KDSR chr18 60998042 T 15 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0182 chr16 85706942 A 10 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0494 chr1 47142711 T 9 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0825 chr5 93487128 A 28 3′ UTR 4 KIF1B chr1 10438932 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KIF1B chr1 10437995 A 13 3′ UTR 4 KLF12 chr13 74261703 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KLHL4 chrX 86922592 A 12 3′ UTR 4 KPNA6 chr1 32639763 C 9 3′ UTR 4 KREMEN1 chr22 29539729 A 14 3′ UTR 4 L1CAM chrX 153127125 T 9 3′ UTR 4 LARP4B chr10 856761 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LATS2 chr13 21547830 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LBR chr1 225590887 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LEF1 chr4 108969352 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LIAS chr4 39478848 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LIMS1 chr2 109300693 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LIN7C chr11 27517538 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LIX1 chr5 96428100 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LMTK2 chr7 97837420 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LRCH2 chrX 114346112 T 10 3′ UTR 4 LRRC8A chr9 131679397 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LUZP2 chr11 25102964 A 12 3′ UTR 4 LYRM7 chr5 130540369 A 15 3′ UTR 4 MAP1B chr5 71502852 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MAP4 chr3 48016254 A 13 3′ UTR 4 MAP6 chr11 75316787 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55534134 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MB21D2 chr3 192516152 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MDM2 chr12 69233886 T 11 3′ UTR 4 MEF2C chr5 88017643 A 7 3′ UTR 4 MEGF9 chr9 123366681 T 10 3′ UTR 4 METAP2 chr12 95908545 A 11 3′ UTR 4 METTL8 chr2 172174950 T 8 3′ UTR 4 MEX3A chr1 156044195 T 17 3′ UTR 4 MFN2 chr1 12073251 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MGAT4A chr2 99236361 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MIDN chr19 1258791 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MKLN1 chr7 131181200 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MKRN3 chr15 23812682 T 8 3′ UTR 4 MLL2 chr12 49413198 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MLLT6 chr17 36883386 T 16 3′ UTR 4 MMP2 chr16 55539895 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MOSPD1 chrX 134022551 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MRPL44 chr2 224831951 T 11 3′ UTR 4 MTMR4 chr17 56567367 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MTSS1 chr8 125564840 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MYCL1 chr1 40361307 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NAPB chr20 23355923 A 9 3′ UTR 4 NARG2 chr15 60714335 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NCS1 chr9 132996076 T 12 3′ UTR 4 NDFIP1 chr5 141533930 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NEGR1 chr1 71869847 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NEIL3 chr4 178283942 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NF2 chr22 30092784 T 14 3′ UTR 4 NLK chr17 26523190 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NPC2 chr14 74946724 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NR2F2 chr15 96882212 G 8 3′ UTR 4 NRSN1 chr6 24147583 T 10 3′ UTR 4 OSBP2 chr22 31302451 T 10 3′ UTR 4 OSBPL3 chr7 24837354 A 10 3′ UTR 4 OTUD4 chr4 146058513 T 8 3′ UTR 4 OTUD4 chr4 146057615 G 13 3′ UTR 4 OXR1 chr8 107764095 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PABPC5 chrX 90691818 T 9 3′ UTR 4 PAICS chr4 57327144 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PAK1IP1 chr6 10709747 T 12 3′ UTR 4 PALM2 chr9 112706843 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PAPD4 chr5 78982336 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PAPOLA chr14 97033430 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PCDH17 chr13 58300047 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PCNP chr3 101312474 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PDE4C chr19 18320061 T 12 3′ UTR 4 PDGFA chr7 537622 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PDGFA chr7 536908 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PGM2L1 chr11 74047320 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIGW chr17 34894609 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIK3R1 chr5 67595054 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PIM1 chr6 37143155 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIP5K1A chr1 151220867 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PKD2 chr4 88998190 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PKN2 chr1 89301773 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PLA2G12A chr4 110633665 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PLAGL2 chr20 30784138 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PLCB1 chr20 8863118 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PLCL1 chr2 199013907 T 9 3′ UTR 4 PLCXD3 chr5 41307606 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PLK2 chr5 57749858 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PODNL1 chr19 14042032 G 8 3′ UTR 4 PODXL chr7 131185943 A 11 3′ UTR 4 POLH chr6 43584323 A 14 3′ UTR 4 PPAP2B chr1 56962088 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PPARA chr22 46633507 A 16 3′ UTR 4 PPARGC1B chr5 149227267 A 14 3′ UTR 4 PPM1E chr17 57060351 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PPP1R3A chr7 113517422 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PPP3CA chr4 101946069 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PRDM15 chr21 43220664 A 12 3′ UTR 4 PROSC chr8 37636576 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PRTG chr15 55907920 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PTP4A2 chr1 32374021 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PTPN22 chr1 114357118 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PTPRF chr1 44088117 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PTRF chr17 40554683 A 15 3′ UTR 4 PUM1 chr1 31405680 T 10 3′ UTR 4 QRICH1 chr3 49067797 A 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB39B chrX 154488466 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB7L1 chr1 205738564 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RAB8B chr15 63559206 T 12 3′ UTR 4 RASAL2 chr1 178447287 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RBM12B chr8 94745547 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RBM38 chr20 55983973 G 8 3′ UTR 4 RBMS3 chr3 30045473 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RDX chr11 110102325 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RGS18 chr1 192154126 T 8 3′ UTR 4 RGS6 chr14 73030606 A 11 3′ UTR 4 RND2 chr17 41181921 A 24 3′ UTR 4 RNF122 chr8 33405498 A 26 3′ UTR 4 RNGTT chr6 89320667 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ROCK1 chr18 18530891 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150447772 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150445907 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RRM2 chr2 10269544 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RSBN1L chr7 77408705 A 9 3′ UTR 4 RSL1D1 chr16 11930997 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SALL3 chr18 76757543 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SAMD4A chr14 55257700 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SASH1 chr6 148872287 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SATB1 chr3 18390227 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SCN1A chr2 166846936 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SDC4 chr20 43955023 A 24 3′ UTR 4 SEC63 chr6 108190403 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SENP5 chr3 196658083 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SEPHS1 chr10 13360740 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SFXN1 chr5 174954918 T 22 3′ UTR 4 SGK223 chr8 8175297 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SH2B3 chr12 111887735 T 14 3′ UTR 4 SHC1 chr1 154935862 G 8 3′ UTR 4 SHC4 chr15 49117721 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SHCBP1 chr16 46614658 T 14 3′ UTR 4 SHOC2 chr10 112773341 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698929 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698868 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIX4 chr14 61178202 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLAIN2 chr4 48426160 T 9 3′ UTR 4 SLC17A5 chr6 74303467 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC22A5 chr5 131730903 T 17 3′ UTR 4 SLC25A36 chr3 140696772 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SLC2A2 chr3 170715683 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC39A9 chr14 69928356 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A15 chr12 85253350 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC9A6 chrX 135128103 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SMAD3 chr15 67485102 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SMAD4 chr18 48605007 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SMAD7 chr18 46447623 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SORL1 chr11 121502077 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SORL1 chr11 121501334 T 9 3′ UTR 4 SOST chr17 41831941 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SOX30 chr5 157053271 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPATA13 chr13 24878597 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SPATS2 chr12 49921053 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPINK7 chr5 147695440 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPOP chr17 47676672 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SPRED1 chr15 38648129 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SPTBN1 chr2 54898095 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SRRM4 chr12 119599690 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SRRM4 chr12 119596858 T 9 3′ UTR 4 STAT2 chr12 56736372 A 13 3′ UTR 4 STK4 chr20 43708275 A 10 3′ UTR 4 STMN2 chr8 80577224 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SUMO2 chr17 73164056 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SYT13 chr11 45264120 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TACC1 chr8 38708293 A 25 3′ UTR 4 TAOK1 chr17 27871502 A 11 3′ UTR 4 TBL1X chrX 9684635 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TFAP2B chr6 50814917 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TFCP2L1 chr2 121975868 T 11 3′ UTR 4 THAP2 chr12 72073229 T 10 3′ UTR 4 THSD4 chr15 72072880 A 10 3′ UTR 4 THSD7A chr7 11411520 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TLCD2 chr17 1606349 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TM9SF4 chr20 30754878 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TMEM14C chr6 10731011 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TMEM169 chr2 216966376 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM192 chr4 165997961 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM40 chr3 12775743 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TNFAIP8 chr5 118729618 A 10 3′ UTR 4 TNRC6C chr17 76104332 C 9 3′ UTR 4 TPM4 chr19 16212343 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TRAK2 chr2 202244537 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TRIM33 chr1 114940229 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TRIM56 chr7 100733606 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TRIM9 chr14 51442832 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TRPC1 chr3 142525356 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TRPS1 chr8 116424772 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TRPS1 chr8 116423510 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TSPAN31 chr12 58141530 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TTC14 chr3 180326182 T 15 3′ UTR 4 TULP4 chr6 158929910 T 27 3′ UTR 4 TXNDC9 chr2 99936109 A 9 3′ UTR 4 U2AF1 chr21 44513110 T 11 3′ UTR 4 UBE2G1 chr17 4173433 A 10 3′ UTR 4 UBE2K chr4 39780193 A 11 3′ UTR 4 UBE3C chr7 157060934 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBE4B chr1 10240859 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBFD1 chr16 23582355 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBN2 chr7 138992059 T 9 3′ UTR 4 USF2 chr19 35770658 A 10 3′ UTR 4 USP31 chr16 23077020 T 11 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632696 T 12 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632427 T 13 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632418 A 9 3′ UTR 4 VEZF1 chr17 56051105 T 14 3′ UTR 4 VGLL3 chr3 86990599 T 11 3′ UTR 4 VPS53 chr17 422006 A 27 3′ UTR 4 VTI1A chr10 114575744 T 10 3′ UTR 4 WDR3 chr1 118502087 T 11 3′ UTR 4 WDR82 chr3 52288956 T 19 3′ UTR 4 WHSC1 chr4 1945453 A 9 3′ UTR 4 XKR6 chr8 10755309 T 10 3′ UTR 4 XKR6 chr8 10755102 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB16 chr11 114121371 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB4 chr17 7363093 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZC3HAV1L chr7 138710878 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZCCHC13 chrX 73524759 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZCCHC2 chr18 60244188 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZFHX4 chr8 77778696 T 14 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L1 chr14 69255309 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L2 chr2 43450053 C 8 3′ UTR 4 ZMIZ1 chr10 81075616 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF498 chr7 99229241 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF528 chr19 52920874 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF594 chr17 5084035 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF618 chr9 116812463 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZNF629 chr16 30792783 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF681 chr19 23925293 A 13 3′ UTR 4 ZNF737 chr19 20726934 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF740 chr12 53584463 T 14 3′ UTR 4 ZSCAN30 chr18 32831761 T 12 3′ UTR 13 GABRG2 chr5 161494990 A 12 5′ UTR 12 ARHGEF11 chr1 157014811 A 12 5′ UTR 12 CCT6B chr17 33288433 A 11 5′ UTR 12 LRMP chr12 25205380 A 11 5′ UTR 11 TMEM177 chr2 120437061 A 11 5′ UTR 11 ZNF781 chr19 38161161 T 11 5′ UTR 10 EPHB6 chr7 142560576 A 13 5′ UTR 10 LMOD3 chr3 69171664 T 13 5′ UTR 10 MBNL1 chr3 152017897 T 11 5′ UTR 9 ARHGEF9 chrX 62974288 T 12 5′ UTR 9 BDNF chr11 27741184 A 10 5′ UTR 9 CBLN2 chr18 70211389 A 14 5′ UTR 9 OIT3 chr10 74653468 A 10 5′ UTR 8 BMP5 chr6 55739711 A 14 5′ UTR 8 LOC642587 chr1 209602342 T 13 5′ UTR 8 OMD chr9 95179844 T 11 5′ UTR 8 SEMA6A chr5 115910134 A 11 5′ UTR 8 TCF4 chr18 53255634 A 12 5′ UTR 7 ASPH chr8 62602295 A 11 5′ UTR 7 CNTNAP2 chr7 145813627 T 11 5′ UTR 7 DIO2 chr14 80678323 T 14 5′ UTR 7 DIO2 chr14 80678077 T 25 5′ UTR 7 GSDMC chr8 130798567 A 14 5′ UTR 7 PTP4A2 chr1 32384716 A 11 5′ UTR 7 ZXDB chrX 57618380 T 9 5′ UTR 6 AMD1 chr6 111196178 A 11 5′ UTR 6 DDX3X chrX 41192964 A 10 5′ UTR 6 ESCO1 chr18 19164371 A 11 5′ UTR 6 GEN1 chr2 17935494 T 11 5′ UTR 6 LPHN1 chr19 14316982 A 15 5′ UTR 6 LRRC70 chr5 61874619 A 18 5′ UTR 6 MEIS1 chr2 66662690 T 13 5′ UTR 6 SATB1 chr3 18465613 A 13 5′ UTR 6 ST7L chr1 113162029 C 10 5′ UTR 6 TMEM31 chrX 102965989 T 10 5′ UTR 6 TOX chr8 60031707 A 14 5′ UTR 5 AAK1 chr2 69870217 T 24 5′ UTR 5 ARHGEF11 chr1 157014870 A 11 5′ UTR 5 CBLN2 chr18 70211440 A 9 5′ UTR 5 CEPT1 chr1 111690319 A 9 5′ UTR 5 EMP1 chr12 13364426 A 10 5′ UTR 5 GTF2A1 chr14 81686922 A 13 5′ UTR 5 L3MBTL3 chr6 130339785 A 10 5′ UTR 5 LMO7 chr13 76195056 A 9 5′ UTR 5 LPAR4 chrX 78003392 A 31 5′ UTR 5 LRRC4C chr11 40314470 A 10 5′ UTR 5 MCF2 chrX 138724841 A 15 5′ UTR 5 NDE1 chr16 15737427 T 11 5′ UTR 5 PBX1 chr1 164528904 T 10 5′ UTR 5 PRMT8 chr12 3600691 T 11 5′ UTR 5 PTPRB chr12 71031210 A 10 5′ UTR 5 SCN2B chr11 118047234 A 9 5′ UTR 5 TIGD7 chr16 3350676 A 10 5′ UTR 5 TSHZ1 chr18 72922942 T 10 5′ UTR 5 XRRA1 chr11 74656098 T 10 5′ UTR 5 ZXDA chrX 57936946 A 9 5′ UTR 4 ABCC10 chr6 43399532 T 10 5′ UTR 4 C1QL3 chr10 16563613 T 10 5′ UTR 4 CPLX4 chr18 56985739 A 10 5′ UTR 4 DHRS3 chr1 12677525 A 21 5′ UTR 4 FAM65B chr6 24877343 A 8 5′ UTR 4 GRIA2 chr4 158142151 A 9 5′ UTR 4 HEXIM1 chr17 43226461 T 10 5′ UTR 4 HRH2 chr5 175110094 A 21 5′ UTR 4 HYLS1 chr11 125753769 A 10 5′ UTR 4 IL18RAP chr2 103035368 T 11 5′ UTR 4 MBNL1 chr3 152017452 A 10 5′ UTR 4 NLRP3 chr1 247581609 T 12 5′ UTR 4 NR2F2 chr15 96874920 T 11 5′ UTR 4 NRXN3 chr14 79746442 T 10 5′ UTR 4 OBFC2A chr2 192543129 T 24 5′ UTR 4 PDGFB chr22 39640806 T 16 5′ UTR 4 PIK3R1 chr5 67584512 T 12 5′ UTR 4 PPP2R5C chr14 102276205 T 11 5′ UTR 4 RALYL chr8 85095860 T 11 5′ UTR 4 RFWD2 chr1 176176257 T 9 5′ UTR 4 RGS4 chr1 163038838 T 10 5′ UTR 4 SCN2A chr2 166150520 A 28 5′ UTR 4 SEMA3E chr7 83278198 A 16 5′ UTR 4 SETBP1 chr18 42260910 G 8 5′ UTR 4 SIAE,SPA17 chr11 124543762 T 15 5′ UTR 4 SKIV2L2 chr5 54603686 A 13 5′ UTR 4 SLC38A5 chrX 48327811 T 12 5′ UTR 4 STIM2 chr4 26862546 T 18 5′ UTR 4 STK11 chr19 1206796 T 10 5′ UTR 4 TGFB3 chr14 76447771 A 11 5′ UTR 4 TRIP6 chr7 100464995 A 10 5′ UTR 4 ZNF107 chr7 64152284 A 8 5′ UTR

TABLE 2 Affected Affected Nr of homo- homo- Nr of Nr of affected Chromo- Start polymer polymer Inser- dele- samples Gene some Position base length tions tions 11 SETD1B chr12 122242657 C 8 0 11 10 OR7E24 chr19 9361740 T 11 0 10 10 SEC31A chr4 83785564 T 9 0 10 9 ASTE1 chr3 130733046 T 11 0 9 9 CASP5 chr11 104879686 T 10 2 7 9 MYL1 chr2 211179765 T 11 0 9 9 RPL22 chr1 6257784 T 8 1 8 8 C15orf40 chr15 83677270 A 14 3 5 8 CNOT2 chr12 70747693 A 25 0 8 8 LTN1 chr21 30339205 T 11 0 8 8 TTK chr6 80751896 A 9 0 8 7 CCDC150 chr2 197531518 A 11 1 6 7 KIAA2018 chr3 113377481 T 11 0 7 7 MBD4 chr3 129155547 T 10 1 6 7 MSH6 chr2 48030639 C 8 4 3 7 PHF2 chr9 96422611 A 8 0 7 7 RNF145 chr5 158630629 T 11 1 6 7 RNPC3 chr1 104076466 A 12 1 6 7 SLC22A9 chr11 63149670 A 11 1 6 7 TMBIM4 chr12 66531936 A 10 1 6 6 AIM2 chr1 159032486 T 10 1 5 6 ATR chr3 142274739 T 10 0 6 6 CASP5 chr11 104878040 T 10 3 3 6 CDH26 chr20 58587783 A 10 1 5 6 CLOCK chr4 56336953 A 9 3 3 6 CTCF chr16 67645338 A 7 6 0 6 GRIK2 chr6 102503431 A 8 1 5 6 KIAA0182 chr16 85682289 C 8 6 0 6 LOC100129387 chr15 50648218 A 13 1 5 6 MIS18BP1 chr14 45716018 T 11 1 5 6 MLL3 chr7 151874147 T 9 1 5 6 NDUFC2, chr11 77784146 A 9 0 6 NDUFC2-KCTD14 6 RBMXL1 chr1 89449508 T 11 0 6 6 SLC35F5 chr2 114500276 A 10 1 5 6 TAF1B chr2 9989570 A 11 0 6 6 TGFBR2 chr3 30691871 A 10 0 6 6 TMEM60 chr7 77423459 T 9 0 6 5 ACVR2A chr2 148683685 A 8 0 5 5 BRD3 chr9 136918528 G 8 2 3 5 C13orf40 chr13 103381995 A 9 2 3 5 COBLL1 chr2 165551295 A 9 1 4 5 CREBZF chr11 85369692 A 13 0 5 5 DDX27 chr20 47858503 A 8 0 5 5 DOCK3 chr3 51417603 C 7 0 5 5 FAM111B chr11 58892376 A 10 0 5 5 FAM18A chr16 10867202 A 9 1 4 5 FETUB chr3 186362543 A 9 1 4 5 HMGN2P46 chr15 45848230 T 16 0 5 5 IGF2R chr6 160485487 G 8 3 2 5 KIAA1919 chr6 111587360 T 9 0 5 5 MAP3K4 chr6 161469775 A 8 0 5 5 MIAT chr22 27066924 T 12 0 5 5 MIR100HG chr11 121959910 A 15 0 5 5 NRIP1 chr21 16338329 T 8 0 5 5 PDGFC chr4 157683777 A 17 1 4 5 PRKDC chr8 48866909 T 10 1 4 5 PRRG1 chrX 37312610 C 8 1 4 5 PRRT2 chr16 29825015 C 9 4 1 5 RAD51L3-RFFL chr17 33336605 A 14 1 4 5 RGS12 chr4 3430398 A 9 0 5 5 SLMO2-ATP5E chr20 57603795 T 11 1 4 5 SMC6 chr2 17898125 T 9 2 3 5 SNAR-G1 chr19 49540383 A 14 0 5 5 SRSF3 chr6 36570853 T 14 0 5 5 TSIX chrX 73039404 A 13 0 5 5 TSIX chrX 73031598 A 14 0 5 5 UBR5 chr8 103289348 T 8 1 4 5 UVRAG chr11 75694430 A 10 0 5 5 YWHAE chr17 1248583 A 18 1 4 4 BRCA1 chr17 41196821 T 19 0 4 4 BRD2 chr6 32948951 T 11 1 3 4 C14orf39 chr14 60903564 A 8 0 4 4 C15orf5 chr15 77516475 T 11 0 4 4 CEP164 chr11 117222647 A 11 0 4 4 CYHR1 chr8 145689658 C 9 1 3 4 DCAF17 chr2 172339178 T 11 0 4 4 ELAVL3 chr19 11577604 C 9 2 2 4 EXOSC9 chr4 122723893 T 8 0 4 4 FAM20A chr17 66531810 T 13 1 3 4 FAM92A3 chr4 183960483 A 13 0 4 4 FLJ37453 chr1 16160954 T 13 0 4 4 FLJ90757 chr17 79005507 C 9 0 4 4 FOXO3B chr17 18570304 T 16 0 4 4 GBP3 chr1 89473441 T 10 0 4 4 GLTSCR1 chr19 48197890 C 8 0 4 4 HMGB3P1 chr20 33421796 T 11 0 4 4 HPS1 chr10 100186986 G 8 0 4 4 INO80E chr16 30016652 C 9 1 3 4 INTS2 chr17 59944673 A 11 0 4 4 ITPRIPL2 chr16 19132369 T 13 0 4 4 JAK1 chr1 65325832 G 7 2 2 4 KIAA0664L3 chr16 31718743 A 15 0 4 4 LMLN chr3 197766471 A 13 0 4 4 LOC283392 chr12 72657140 A 12 0 4 4 LOC284023 chr17 7818450 A 14 0 4 4 LOC284232 chr13 19444480 A 15 0 4 4 LOC541471 chr2 112252632 A 12 0 4 4 LOC645431 chr14 65877626 A 11 0 4 4 LOC646982 chr13 40922820 A 13 0 4 4 LOC647979 chr20 34633827 A 15 0 4 4 LOC92659 chr17 79888376 A 17 0 4 4 MALAT1 chr11 65271779 T 13 1 3 4 MIAT chr22 27067793 A 13 0 4 4 MIR567 chr3 111831723 A 13 1 3 4 MYO10 chr5 16694605 C 8 2 2 4 NCRNA00294 chr11 33099777 A 14 0 4 4 ODF2 chr9 131262968 T 13 0 4 4 OPN5 chr6 47792559 T 13 0 4 4 OSBPL2 chr20 60854257 C 7 3 1 4 PAR-SN chr15 25227494 A 11 0 4 4 PDCD6IP chr3 33868210 T 15 1 3 4 PDIK1L chr1 26449667 T 15 0 4 4 PMCHL2 chr5 70673206 A 14 0 4 4 POGLUT1 chr3 119212650 T 21 0 4 4 PRR11 chr17 57247170 A 9 0 4 4 RBM27 chr5 145647319 A 9 1 3 4 RBM43 chr2 152108087 T 10 0 4 4 RFC3 chr13 34398062 A 10 1 3 4 RG9MTD1 chr3 101284008 A 10 1 3 4 RPL29P2 chr17 7658284 A 15 0 4 4 RPS26P11 chrX 71264809 A 15 1 3 4 SCARF1 chr17 1537682 A 17 0 4 4 SEC63 chr6 108214754 T 10 0 4 4 SLC23A2 chr20 4850568 G 9 1 3 4 SLC5A1 chr22 32506613 T 10 0 4 4 SNORD116-10 chr15 25319287 T 16 0 4 4 SPECC1 chr17 20108262 A 8 1 3 4 SRPR chr11 126137086 T 8 1 3 4 SUGT1P3 chr13 41372415 A 16 0 4 4 TBC1D15 chr12 72318794 A 19 0 4 4 TESC chr12 117476741 T 14 0 4 4 TEX11 chrX 70127617 A 8 0 4 4 TGFBR3 chr1 92147602 A 11 0 4 4 TMCC1 chr3 129407106 A 13 0 4 4 TRIB2 chr2 12882650 T 14 0 4 4 TROVE2 chr1 193054575 T 12 0 4 4 TROVE2 chr1 193053996 A 12 0 4 4 TSIX chrX 73017534 A 12 1 3 4 TSIX chrX 73016421 T 13 0 4 4 TUBA4B chr2 220118076 G 10 0 4 4 WDTC1 chr1 27621107 G 8 2 2 4 XIST chrX 73071940 A 13 0 4 4 XPA chr9 100437633 T 10 0 4 4 ZBTB20 chr3 114058002 G 7 0 4 4 ZDHHC8 chr22 20130521 C 6 0 4 4 ZMAT1 chrX 101138438 T 11 4 0 4 ZNF252 chr8 146201232 A 20 0 4 4 ZNF273 chr7 64390205 T 13 1 3 4 ZNF831 chr20 57766219 C 8 1 3

TABLE 3 Length of Refer- affected Marker Chromo- ence homo- Nr. Gene Region Type some Position base polymer 1 DDX27 Exonic Deletion 20 47858504 A 8 2 EXOSC9 Exonic Deletion  4 122723894 T 8 3 FAM111B Exonic Deletion 11 58892377 A 10 4 GRIK2 Exonic Deletion  6 102503432 A 8 5 KIAA1919 Exonic Deletion  6 111587361 T 9 6 MYL1 Exonic Deletion  2 211179766 T 11 7 PHF2 Exonic Deletion  9 96422612 A 8 8 SEC31A Exonic Deletion  4 83785565 T 9 9 SETD1B Exonic Deletion 12 122242658 C 8 10 TMEM60 Exonic Deletion  7 77423460 T 9 11 TTK Exonic Deletion  6 80751897 A 9 12 ABAT 3′UTR Deletion 16 8876793 T 11 13 AKIRIN1 3′UTR Deletion  1 39471673 A 10 14 ARFIP1 3′UTR Deletion  4 153832103 T 11 15 ARL10 3′UTR Deletion  5 175800427 T 10 16 BMPR2 3′UTR Deletion  2 203426177 T 8 17 BTBD7 3′UTR Deletion 14 93708031 A 12 18 C15orf2 3′UTR Deletion 15 24927892 A 10 19 C17orf96 3′UTR Deletion 17 36829266 T 8 20 CCDC89 3′UTR Deletion 11 85395560 T 10 21 CCND1 3′UTR Deletion 11 69466274 A 10 22 DIDO1 3′UTR Deletion 20 61536692 A 11 23 EDEM1 3′UTR Deletion  3 5260541 T 10 24 ENTPD4 3′UTR Deletion  8 23289681 A 11 25 FCHSD2 3′UTR Deletion 11 72548510 A 26 FGFBP3 3′UTR Deletion 10 93666831 A 11 27 FMO2 3′UTR Deletion  1 171178336 A 11 28 FOXN2 3′UTR Deletion  2 48603080 T 10 29 HDAC4 3′UTR Deletion  2 239974110 A 9 30 HUS1B 3′UTR Deletion  6 656080 A 10 31 KDM5A 3′UTR Deletion 12 393805 T 11 32 KIF5C 3′UTR Deletion  2 149879666 T 10 33 LANCL1 3′UTR Deletion  2 211297866 T 9 34 LRCH1 3′UTR Deletion 13 47325657 A 10 35 MKLN1 3′UTR Deletion  7 131175981 A 10 36 PCDHB3 3′UTR Deletion  5 140482944 T 10 37 PPM1A 3′UTR Deletion 14 60761434 T 10 38 PURB 3′UTR Deletion  7 44920831 A 9 39 RYBP 3′UTR Deletion  3 72424550 T 9 40 RYR3 3′UTR Deletion 15 34157542 A 10 41 SLC35F1 3′UTR Deletion  6 118638704 A 24 42 ST7L 3′UTR Deletion  1 113067471 A 10 43 TMC7 3′UTR Deletion 16 19073948 A 10 44 TMEM65 3′UTR Deletion  8 125325218 A 11 45 TSR2 3′UTR Deletion X 54471046 T 10 46 UBA6 3′UTR Deletion  4 68481878 T 12 47 UBE2Z 3′UTR Deletion 17 47005702 A 11 48 USP14 3′UTR Deletion 18 212030 A 9 49 WHSC1L1 3′UTR Deletion  8 38175280 A 11 50 ZNF185 3′UTR Deletion X 152140996 C 10 51 ZNF287 3′UTR Deletion 17 16454420 T 9 52 CEPT1 5′UTR Insertion/Deletion  1 111690319 A 9 53 ESCO1 5′UTR Deletion 18 19164371 A 11 54 GRIA2 5′UTR Insertion/Deletion  4 158142151 A 9 55 SETBP1 5′UTR Insertion/Deletion 18 42260910 G 8 56 ZXDA 5′UTR Deletion X 57936947 A 9

TABLE 4 Affected Affected Nr of homo- homo- affected Chromo- Start polymer polymer samples Gene some Position base length region 13 LRRC8D chr1 90401405 T 11 3′ UTR 13 NPR3 chr5 32787131 A 11 3′ UTR 12 AHCYL1 chr1 110566210 A 14 3′ UTR 12 CD5L chr1 157801230 A 13 3′ UTR 12 CEP170 chr1 243288181 T 11 3′ UTR 12 SAMD12 chr8 119209320 A 11 3′ UTR 12 UBE2Z chr17 47005701 A 11 3′ UTR 11 SEPT7 chr7 35944036 T 11 3′ UTR 11 CASK chrX 41379131 A 13 3′ UTR 11 DIDO1 chr20 61536691 A 11 3′ UTR 11 EIF4G3 chr1 21133286 A 13 3′ UTR 11 FAM20B chr1 179044906 A 12 3′ UTR 11 GSK3B chr3 119542766 A 11 3′ UTR 11 HELZ chr17 65070976 A 14 3′ UTR 11 KCNK1 chr1 233807667 A 11 3′ UTR 11 KCNMB4 chr12 70824838 A 14 3′ UTR 11 LHX9 chr1 197898395 T 12 3′ UTR 11 LYRM1 chr16 20935842 T 11 3′ UTR 11 MYO5B chr18 47351784 A 12 3′ UTR 11 NARG2 chr15 60712503 T 13 3′ UTR 11 PPP1R12A chr12 80169697 T 13 3′ UTR 11 PRTG chr15 55903921 A 11 3′ UTR 11 RAB11FIP1 chr8 37718707 A 13 3′ UTR 11 RASGRP1 chr15 38781450 T 13 3′ UTR 11 SH3KBP1 chrX 19552231 T 13 3′ UTR 11 SHROOM3 chr4 77701305 A 12 3′ UTR 11 TMEM26 chr10 63166725 A 12 3′ UTR 11 TMEM65 chr8 125325217 A 11 3′ UTR 11 TRIP11 chr14 92435633 A 12 3′ UTR 11 ZBTB7A chr19 4046571 T 11 3′ UTR 11 ZKSCAN1 chr7 99633041 T 12 3′ UTR 11 ZNF217 chr20 52185289 A 13 3′ UTR 11 ZNF275 chrX 152617043 A 12 3′ UTR 10 ACVR1C chr2 158387581 T 14 3′ UTR 10 ARAP2 chr4 36068192 A 12 3′ UTR 10 BCL11A chr2 60685409 T 12 3′ UTR 10 C14orf101 chr14 57114799 A 13 3′ UTR 10 C15orf29 chr15 34434105 T 12 3′ UTR 10 C17orf63 chr17 27083744 T 12 3′ UTR 10 CBFB chr16 67133068 T 11 3′ UTR 10 CBX5 chr12 54628041 T 13 3′ UTR 10 CD36 chr7 80306123 T 12 3′ UTR 10 EPS15 chr1 51821385 A 13 3′ UTR 10 ERBB2IP chr5 65375200 T 15 3′ UTR 10 ERGIC2 chr12 29493722 T 11 3′ UTR 10 FAM38B chr18 10670849 T 14 3′ UTR 10 FGF9 chr13 22278024 T 13 3′ UTR 10 FLRT2 chr14 86090074 A 12 3′ UTR 10 GABPB1 chr15 50570604 A 13 3′ UTR 10 GBP1 chr1 89518865 T 13 3′ UTR 10 HIPK1 chr1 114519857 T 14 3′ UTR 10 KCNG1 chr20 49620212 T 14 3′ UTR 10 LPHN3 chr4 62936763 T 12 3′ UTR 10 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55535728 T 13 3′ UTR 10 MSR1 chr8 15997800 A 11 3′ UTR 10 NCEH1 chr3 172348807 A 12 3′ UTR 10 PEX13 chr2 61276332 T 15 3′ UTR 10 PTEN chr10 89725293 T 11 3′ UTR 10 RBMS1 chr2 161128989 T 13 3′ UTR 10 RSPO2 chr8 108912568 A 11 3′ UTR 10 SEMA6A chr5 115779928 A 13 3′ UTR 10 SLAIN2 chr4 48428163 T 11 3′ UTR 10 SNX31 chr8 101585895 T 11 3′ UTR 10 TMEM57 chr1 25826052 T 12 3′ UTR 10 TMTC3 chr12 88591979 T 13 3′ UTR 10 UST chr6 149398012 T 13 3′ UTR 10 VEGFA chr6 43754176 A 12 3′ UTR 10 KLHL4 chrX 86922591 A 13 3′ UTR 9 AEN chr15 89174888 T 12 3′ UTR 9 ALDH8A1 chr6 135238907 T 10 3′ UTR 9 ANK2 chr4 114303782 T 11 3′ UTR 9 ARHGAP17 chr16 24930800 A 14 3′ UTR 9 ASPN chr9 95218905 A 12 3′ UTR 9 BCL11B chr14 99637947 T 12 3′ UTR 9 BCL7A chr12 122498799 A 12 3′ UTR 9 BRAP chr12 112080129 T 12 3′ UTR 9 C11orf87 chr11 109296012 A 12 3′ UTR 9 C15orf2 chr15 24927891 A 10 3′ UTR 9 CACNB4 chr2 152694131 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CALN1 chr7 71245682 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CAMK2A chr5 149600684 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CBLN4 chr20 54572755 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CCDC85C chr14 99978765 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CD1E chr1 158327025 T 13 3′ UTR 9 CISD1 chr10 60048285 T 11 3′ UTR 9 CMTM6 chr3 32523862 A 12 3′ UTR 9 CNR1 chr6 88853530 A 11 3′ UTR 9 CSNK1E chr22 38686807 T 12 3′ UTR 9 CYP1B1 chr2 38297055 T 12 3′ UTR 9 DLGAP2 chr8 1652939 A 11 3′ UTR 9 DRAM2 chr1 111660181 A 11 3′ UTR 9 DUSP10 chr1 221875661 A 11 3′ UTR 9 EHD4 chr15 42191704 A 12 3′ UTR 9 EPT1 chr2 26617514 T 11 3′ UTR 9 FAM104A chr17 71204073 A 13 3′ UTR 9 FAM46A chr6 82458103 A 13 3′ UTR 9 FMO2 chr1 171178335 A 11 3′ UTR 9 FOXN3 chr14 89622979 T 13 3′ UTR 9 FRMD4A chr10 13686797 A 12 3′ UTR 9 FYN chr6 111982555 T 12 3′ UTR 9 GLI3 chr7 42001569 A 11 3′ UTR 9 H3F3C chr12 31944217 T 12 3′ UTR 9 HIPK2 chr7 139249947 A 14 3′ UTR 9 HNRNPK chr9 86583189 T 12 3′ UTR 9 IER3IP1 chr18 44682385 A 11 3′ UTR 9 IFNGR1 chr6 137518966 A 14 3′ UTR 9 IL33 chr9 6256984 T 12 3′ UTR 9 KCTD7 chr7 66105589 T 11 3′ UTR 9 KCTD9 chr8 25286171 A 12 3′ UTR 9 KIAA1712 chr4 175238738 T 13 3′ UTR 9 KIAA2018 chr3 113371321 A 11 3′ UTR 9 KRT8 chr12 53291007 A 11 3′ UTR 9 LARP4B chr10 856116 A 13 3′ UTR 9 MED1 chr17 37561712 T 13 3′ UTR 9 MED28 chr4 17626082 T 11 3′ UTR 9 METTL9 chr16 21667438 A 12 3′ UTR 9 MEX3A chr1 156043944 T 11 3′ UTR 9 MLL2 chr12 49413580 A 12 3′ UTR 9 NAALAD2 chr11 89925062 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PCBD2 chr5 134296980 T 14 3′ UTR 9 PCDH9 chr13 66878392 A 26 3′ UTR 9 PGK1 chrX 77381770 T 13 3′ UTR 9 PHACTR2 chr6 144151003 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PI15 chr8 75766071 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PLEKHA2 chr8 38830288 T 13 3′ UTR 9 PPP2R3A chr3 135865826 T 11 3′ UTR 9 PRCC chr1 156770552 T 12 3′ UTR 9 PRKD3 chr2 37478759 T 12 3′ UTR 9 PRPF40A chr2 153512044 T 15 3′ UTR 9 PSEN1 chr14 73688298 T 13 3′ UTR 9 RCC2 chr1 17735285 A 14 3′ UTR 9 RELL1 chr4 37613352 A 12 3′ UTR 9 RGS16 chr1 182569291 T 26 3′ UTR 9 RUNDC3B chr7 87460421 T 12 3′ UTR 9 SATB2 chr2 200136194 T 12 3′ UTR 9 SCML4 chr6 108025850 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SEC61G chr7 54819993 A 11 3′ UTR 9 SENP1 chr12 48436768 T 11 3′ UTR 9 SLC35D1 chr1 67465371 A 13 3′ UTR 9 SMAD3 chr15 67486032 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SPIN1 chr9 91090830 A 12 3′ UTR 9 SRC chr20 36033633 T 13 3′ UTR 9 TACC1 chr8 38705639 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TAF4B chr18 23971176 A 14 3′ UTR 9 TBC1D24 chr16 2553486 A 13 3′ UTR 9 THAP1 chr8 42692467 A 12 3′ UTR 9 TMEM106B chr7 12273303 A 13 3′ UTR 9 TMEM14B chr6 10756863 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TMEM209 chr7 129805893 A 12 3′ UTR 9 TMEM33 chr4 41959614 T 14 3′ UTR 9 TRA2A chr7 23544783 A 11 3′ UTR 9 TRIM66 chr11 8635430 A 9 3′ UTR 9 TTBK2 chr15 43037302 A 12 3′ UTR 9 UBE2M chr19 59067290 A 13 3′ UTR 9 USP44 chr12 95911789 A 11 3′ UTR 9 VCPIP1 chr8 67545797 A 15 3′ UTR 9 VGLL4 chr3 11599949 T 13 3′ UTR 9 XPO4 chr13 21356029 A 10 3′ UTR 9 ZBTB3 chr11 62519422 A 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF264 chr19 57730525 A 14 3′ UTR 9 ZNF347 chr19 53643153 T 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF704 chr8 81550824 A 12 3′ UTR 9 ZNF740 chr12 53582896 T 11 3′ UTR 8 A1CF chr10 52566432 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ABAT chr16 8876792 T 11 3′ UTR 8 ABI1 chr10 27037487 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ACTR2 chr2 65498035 A 12 3′ UTR 8 AIDA chr1 222841524 T 10 3′ UTR 8 AKIRIN1 chr1 39471672 A 10 3′ UTR 8 APH1B chr15 63600287 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ARHGAP18 chr6 129898731 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ARHGAP5 chr14 32627034 T 11 3′ UTR 8 ASB7 chr15 101189293 T 10 3′ UTR 8 ATRX chrX 76763679 A 13 3′ UTR 8 BACE1 chr11 117159733 T 11 3′ UTR 8 C4orf49 chr4 140187661 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CADPS chr3 62384481 T 10 3′ UTR 8 CALML4 chr15 68483096 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CAMKK2 chr12 121676365 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CANX chr5 179158477 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CANX chr5 179155907 T 12 3′ UTR 8 CAP2 chr6 17556926 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CCDC43 chr17 42754916 T 13 3′ UTR 8 CCDC89 chr11 85395559 T 10 3′ UTR 8 CD47 chr3 107762288 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CDC23 chr5 137524388 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CELF2 chr10 11373567 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CHM chrX 85118100 T 13 3′ UTR 8 COPA chr1 160258927 T 15 3′ UTR 8 CPEB3 chr10 93809826 A 11 3′ UTR 8 CPNE3 chr8 87571865 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CRTAP chr3 33187520 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CSDA chr12 10851811 T 14 3′ UTR 8 CSMD2 chr1 33979967 T 12 3′ UTR 8 DCP2 chr5 112351058 T 11 3′ UTR 8 DDHD1 chr14 53513439 A 12 3′ UTR 8 DIEXF chr1 210026704 T 15 3′ UTR 8 DLG3 chrX 69722274 T 13 3′ UTR 8 DLGAP2 chr8 1653883 T 11 3′ UTR 8 DSC3 chr18 28573880 A 12 3′ UTR 8 EFNA5 chr5 106714693 A 12 3′ UTR 8 EPHA4 chr2 222290623 T 11 3′ UTR 8 EXOSC2 chr9 133579920 A 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM107B chr10 14561157 T 12 3′ UTR 8 FAM116A chr3 57611367 A 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM8A1 chr6 17609273 T 11 3′ UTR 8 FAM91A1 chr8 124826583 T 12 3′ UTR 8 FGFBP3 chr10 93666830 A 11 3′ UTR 8 GABRG2 chr5 161581834 A 11 3′ UTR 8 GAL chr11 68458592 T 12 3′ UTR 8 GLS chr2 191828629 T 12 3′ UTR 8 GPAM chr10 113910871 T 12 3′ UTR 8 HCRTR2 chr6 55147361 T 12 3′ UTR 8 HERPUD2 chr7 35672678 T 14 3′ UTR 8 HIP1 chr7 75166838 A 11 3′ UTR 8 HIPK2 chr7 139257355 T 11 3′ UTR 8 HMGCS1 chr5 43290194 A 16 3′ UTR 8 HNRNPUL1 chr19 41812943 A 12 3′ UTR 8 HSPA9 chr5 137891047 A 13 3′ UTR 8 IFIT2 chr10 91068075 T 12 3′ UTR 8 IGF2BP1 chr17 47129195 T 12 3′ UTR 8 KLF9 chr9 73002115 T 11 3′ UTR 8 LHFPL4 chr3 9543422 A 13 3′ UTR 8 LRAT chr4 155673737 A 10 3′ UTR 8 LSM14A chr19 34718607 T 12 3′ UTR 8 MAP3K5 chr6 136878751 T 14 3′ UTR 8 MED13 chr17 60023567 A 10 3′ UTR 8 MESDC1 chr15 81296129 T 12 3′ UTR 8 METTL21B chr12 58175145 T 15 3′ UTR 8 MITF chr3 70014804 A 11 3′ UTR 8 MS4A7 chr11 60161438 A 12 3′ UTR 8 MTF2 chr1 93602675 A 14 3′ UTR 8 NAP1L4 chr11 2966276 A 15 3′ UTR 8 NEDD1 chr12 97346987 A 13 3′ UTR 8 NEK5 chr13 52639268 A 13 3′ UTR 8 OXR1 chr8 107763507 T 13 3′ UTR 8 PAPD5 chr16 50264031 A 13 3′ UTR 8 PDE9A chr21 44195537 A 13 3′ UTR 8 PIGM chr1 159998798 T 11 3′ UTR 8 PM20D2 chr6 89874860 T 11 3′ UTR 8 POGZ chr1 151377008 A 13 3′ UTR 8 POMT2 chr14 77741349 T 11 3′ UTR 8 POU2F2 chr19 42595246 T 17 3′ UTR 8 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119766958 A 12 3′ UTR 8 RAP2A chr13 98118463 A 14 3′ UTR 8 RBM25 chr14 73587904 T 14 3′ UTR 8 RBM33 chr7 155569742 T 13 3′ UTR 8 RBM45 chr2 178994205 T 11 3′ UTR 8 RIMKLB chr12 8926680 T 11 3′ UTR 8 RNF149 chr2 101893233 A 10 3′ UTR 8 RNLS chr10 90034667 A 11 3′ UTR 8 RORA chr15 60788653 A 12 3′ UTR 8 SAMD5 chr6 147887423 T 12 3′ UTR 8 SAR1A chr10 71911798 A 12 3′ UTR 8 SEL1L chr14 81942829 T 13 3′ UTR 8 SEMA4D chr9 91992883 A 13 3′ UTR 8 SETX chr9 135139195 T 11 3′ UTR 8 SH3RF1 chr4 170017405 A 14 3′ UTR 8 SMARCC2 chr12 56556167 A 14 3′ UTR 8 SNRNP40 chr1 31732677 A 11 3′ UTR 8 SOX4 chr6 21596500 A 12 3′ UTR 8 ST7L chr1 113067470 A 10 3′ UTR 8 STXBP5 chr6 147708451 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TGIF2 chr20 35220571 A 14 3′ UTR 8 TLE3 chr15 70340967 A 11 3′ UTR 8 TMC7 chr16 19073947 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TMEM57 chr1 25825931 T 13 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40722031 A 10 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40720866 T 14 3′ UTR 8 TNRC6B chr22 40720294 T 15 3′ UTR 8 TRPS1 chr8 116424407 A 12 3′ UTR 8 TSGA10 chr2 99614595 A 13 3′ UTR 8 TSPAN14 chr10 82279557 T 14 3′ UTR 8 TTL chr2 113289264 A 11 3′ UTR 8 TTLL5 chr14 76420881 T 11 3′ UTR 8 UBA6 chr4 68481877 T 12 3′ UTR 8 UFM1 chr13 38935214 T 11 3′ UTR 8 VCP chr9 35056078 T 12 3′ UTR 8 VEZF1 chr17 56049540 T 11 3′ UTR 8 WHSC1L1 chr8 38175279 A 11 3′ UTR 8 WSB1 chr17 25640066 A 15 3′ UTR 8 ZBTB43 chr9 129596297 A 11 3′ UTR 8 ZNF12 chr7 6730082 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF238 chr1 244220229 T 10 3′ UTR 8 ZNF281 chr1 200375822 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF621 chr3 40575421 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ADRBK2 chr22 26121915 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ALG9 chr11 111655441 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ANKIB1 chr7 92029899 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ANKRD28 chr3 15709862 T 13 3′ UTR 7 ARFIP1 chr4 153832102 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ARID4A chr14 58840119 T 10 3′ UTR 7 ATP11A chr13 113540850 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ATP2B1 chr12 89984601 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ATXN1 chr6 16300902 T 11 3′ UTR 7 BOD1L chr4 13570453 A 11 3′ UTR 7 C14orf37 chr14 58471378 T 11 3′ UTR 7 C2orf29 chr2 101886538 T 12 3′ UTR 7 C3orf58 chr3 143709141 T 11 3′ UTR 7 C3orf62 chr3 49308391 A 11 3′ UTR 7 C3orf72 chr3 138671354 T 13 3′ UTR 7 C8orf44-SGK3,SGK3 chr8 67772690 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CALN1 chr7 71249416 T 10 3′ UTR 7 CASK chrX 41377809 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CD300LB chr17 72518440 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CDC25A chr3 48199852 T 12 3′ UTR 7 CDC73 chr1 193220974 T 12 3′ UTR 7 CDKN2AIPNL chr5 133738313 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CELSR1 chr22 46756848 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CMIP chr16 81744987 A 10 3′ UTR 7 COIL chr17 55016354 A 14 3′ UTR 7 COPS7B chr2 232673378 T 13 3′ UTR 7 COX18 chr4 73923142 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CSNK1E chr22 38686864 A 11 3′ UTR 7 DCP1A chr3 53321360 T 27 3′ UTR 7 DNAJC27 chr2 25167221 T 14 3′ UTR 7 DNMT3B chr20 31395997 T 11 3′ UTR 7 DTNA chr18 32446839 T 12 3′ UTR 7 EFNB1 chrX 68061978 A 12 3′ UTR 7 ENTPD1 chr10 97628618 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ERBB4 chr2 212247967 A 18 3′ UTR 7 EYA1 chr8 72110673 A 12 3′ UTR 7 FAM118A chr22 45736689 T 11 3′ UTR 7 FAM126B chr2 201838933 A 13 3′ UTR 7 FAM13B chr5 137274915 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FAM169A chr5 74075446 T 12 3′ UTR 7 FAM60A chr12 31435556 A 10 3′ UTR 7 FBLN7 chr2 112945284 T 11 3′ UTR 7 FGF9 chr13 22277774 T 10 3′ UTR 7 FKBP5 chr6 35554624 T 12 3′ UTR 7 FOXO3 chr6 109005013 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FXR1 chr3 180694863 T 14 3′ UTR 7 GBP6 chr1 89851722 A 13 3′ UTR 7 GNB1 chr1 1717242 T 12 3′ UTR 7 GNRHR chr4 68604166 A 12 3′ UTR 7 GPC3 chrX 132670054 A 13 3′ UTR 7 GRIK2 chr6 102517011 T 11 3′ UTR 7 H3F3B chr17 73774199 T 13 3′ UTR 7 HAS2 chr8 122625936 A 12 3′ UTR 7 HELZ chr17 65073603 A 11 3′ UTR 7 HIPK2 chr7 139250450 T 11 3′ UTR 7 HN1 chr17 73132058 A 12 3′ UTR 7 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088002 T 10 3′ UTR 7 HNRNPR chr1 23636874 T 11 3′ UTR 7 HUS1B chr6 656079 A 10 3′ UTR 7 KDM5A chr12 389523 T 11 3′ UTR 7 KHNYN chr14 24908391 T 11 3′ UTR 7 KIF3A chr5 132029672 A 14 3′ UTR 7 KIF5C chr2 149879665 T 10 3′ UTR 7 KLHL28 chr14 45398006 T 11 3′ UTR 7 LRCH1 chr13 47325657 A 10 3′ UTR 7 LRIG2 chr1 113667282 T 11 3′ UTR 7 LRP6 chr12 12272288 A 12 3′ UTR 7 MAGEB3 chrX 30255422 A 11 3′ UTR 7 MAK chr6 10764372 T 9 3′ UTR 7 MCTS1 chrX 119754487 A 14 3′ UTR 7 MDM2 chr12 69236873 T 13 3′ UTR 7 MED19 chr11 57471199 T 13 3′ UTR 7 MESDC1 chr15 81296262 T 9 3′ UTR 7 MGAT4A chr2 99235842 A 11 3′ UTR 7 MLL3 chr7 151832596 T 11 3′ UTR 7 MTMR9 chr8 11185354 A 10 3′ UTR 7 NAA35 chr9 88637203 A 10 3′ UTR 7 NAF1 chr4 164049985 A 11 3′ UTR 7 NHLH1 chr1 160341680 A 11 3′ UTR 7 NIPAL3 chr1 24799398 A 12 3′ UTR 7 NPAS3 chr14 34271068 A 12 3′ UTR 7 NRF1 chr7 129395138 T 11 3′ UTR 7 NTRK2 chr9 87487518 T 11 3′ UTR 7 PALM2 chr9 112708967 A 25 3′ UTR 7 PAPSS2 chr10 89507276 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PCDH7 chr4 31146675 T 12 3′ UTR 7 PCSK2 chr20 17463028 T 11 3′ UTR 7 PHF6 chrX 133561520 T 10 3′ UTR 7 PKP4 chr2 159537312 T 10 3′ UTR 7 PLXNA4 chr7 131809795 A 13 3′ UTR 7 POFUT1 chr20 30826323 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PPP1CB chr2 29024298 T 14 3′ UTR 7 PPP2R3A chr3 135865709 A 14 3′ UTR 7 PRPF4 chr9 116054493 A 14 3′ UTR 7 PRPF40A chr2 153509691 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PRR23A chr3 138723892 A 9 3′ UTR 7 PSMD11 chr17 30807996 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PTAFR chr1 28475836 T 27 3′ UTR 7 PTPN11 chr12 112944240 T 12 3′ UTR 7 PTPN18 chr2 131131908 T 14 3′ UTR 7 PTPRJ chr11 48189153 T 13 3′ UTR 7 PURB chr7 44920830 A 9 3′ UTR 7 RB1CC1 chr8 53536112 A 11 3′ UTR 7 RBM12B chr8 94745437 A 11 3′ UTR 7 RC3H1 chr1 173901043 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RDH10 chr8 74236678 T 10 3′ UTR 7 RECK chr9 36123172 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RPS6KA2 chr6 166824706 T 13 3′ UTR 7 RS1 chrX 18659977 A 13 3′ UTR 7 RUNDC3B chr7 87459581 A 13 3′ UTR 7 RXRA chr9 137331937 A 12 3′ UTR 7 RYBP chr3 72424549 T 9 3′ UTR 7 RYR3 chr15 34157541 A 10 3′ UTR 7 SAMD10 chr20 62605493 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SEC31A chr4 83740163 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SENP1 chr12 48437910 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SGCD chr5 156190730 A 12 3′ UTR 7 SH3BP5 chr3 15297082 T 13 3′ UTR 7 SH3RF1 chr4 170016066 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC16A7 chr12 60173983 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC2A3 chr12 8072022 T 13 3′ UTR 7 SLC30A7 chr1 101446221 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC7A11 chr4 139092374 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC9A2 chr2 103326258 T 10 3′ UTR 7 SMAD4 chr18 48609102 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SNAPC1 chr14 62262433 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SNAPC3 chr9 15461137 A 13 3′ UTR 7 SNX27 chr1 151666826 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SPCS3 chr4 177250201 T 10 3′ UTR 7 STARD7 chr2 96851899 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TBC1D22B chr6 37299299 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TBL1XR1 chr3 176741889 A 13 3′ UTR 7 TFAP2C chr20 55213320 T 11 3′ UTR 7 TIGD6 chr5 149373143 T 13 3′ UTR 7 TMEM108 chr3 133116233 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TMEM161B chr5 87491917 T 10 3′ UTR 7 TMEM47 chrX 34646666 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TMEM64 chr8 91637753 A 12 3′ UTR 7 TNRC6B chr22 40719790 A 14 3′ UTR 7 TNRC6C chr17 76101834 T 9 3′ UTR 7 TOMM20 chr1 235275027 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TPH1 chr11 18042321 A 11 3′ UTR 7 UACA chr15 70946988 A 12 3′ UTR 7 UBXN7 chr3 196080741 T 11 3′ UTR 7 UGT2B28 chr4 70160632 A 11 3′ UTR 7 USP28 chr11 113669136 A 11 3′ UTR 7 WDR82 chr3 52289627 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZBTB34 chr9 129646763 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ZBTB44 chr11 130102910 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZDHHC13 chr11 19197719 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF136 chr19 12299608 A 13 3′ UTR 7 ZNF238 chr1 244219573 A 9 3′ UTR 7 ZNF563 chr19 12428823 T 15 3′ UTR 7 ZNF652 chr17 47369576 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ZNF716 chr7 57529811 A 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF737 chr19 20723566 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ZNF737 chr19 20722094 A 14 3′ UTR 6 MARCH1 chr4 164446860 T 9 3′ UTR 6 ADRA1D chr20 4201344 T 10 3′ UTR 6 AJAP1 chr1 4843660 T 11 3′ UTR 6 AK4 chr1 65692499 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ANKH chr5 14705393 A 13 3′ UTR 6 ANKRD13C chr1 70727638 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ANKRD40 chr17 48770711 A 10 3′ UTR 6 AP1AR chr4 113190822 A 11 3′ UTR 6 APOL1 chr22 36662141 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ARHGAP28 chr18 6914974 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ARID1B chr6 157530262 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ARIH1 chr15 72877867 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ARL10 chr5 175800426 T 10 3′ UTR 6 ATF2 chr2 175939223 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ATP11C chrX 138809822 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ATXN1 chr6 16301824 A 13 3′ UTR 6 BCLAF1 chr6 136581674 T 11 3′ UTR 6 BIN1 chr2 127805622 T 10 3′ UTR 6 BNIP3L chr8 26268445 A 10 3′ UTR 6 BOD1L chr4 13571144 A 10 3′ UTR 6 C1orf9 chr1 172580460 T 9 3′ UTR 6 C5orf43 chr5 60453908 A 9 3′ UTR 6 C6orf145 chr6 3723315 A 11 3′ UTR 6 C9orf167 chr9 140176659 T 10 3′ UTR 6 CAMLG chr5 134086670 A 13 3′ UTR 6 CBL chr11 119175340 T 14 3′ UTR 6 CCND2 chr12 4411110 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CCNE2 chr8 95892992 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CHD7 chr8 61778758 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CHP chr15 41572703 T 27 3′ UTR 6 CIT chr12 120123939 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CLCN5 chrX 49862213 A 12 3′ UTR 6 CLN8 chr8 1729701 T 14 3′ UTR 6 CLSPN chr1 36201819 A 17 3′ UTR 6 CRTC1 chr19 18890267 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DAG1 chr3 49571620 T 11 3′ UTR 6 DNAJB7 chr22 41256660 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DNAJC17 chr15 41060070 A 14 3′ UTR 6 DSTYK chr1 205112278 T 14 3′ UTR 6 DYRK2 chr12 68054141 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EBF1 chr5 158125829 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ECE1 chr1 21546032 A 10 3′ UTR 6 EGR3 chr8 22545637 T 11 3′ UTR 6 EIF4EBP2 chr10 72188037 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EIF5A2 chr3 170607962 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ELTD1 chr1 79356149 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ENTPD4 chr8 23289680 A 11 3′ UTR 6 EPM2AIP1 chr3 37030780 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ERBB2IP chr5 65376306 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ERBB4 chr2 212243952 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM120C chrX 54098998 A 12 3′ UTR 6 FAM122A chr9 71396662 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM168B chr2 131805979 G 9 3′ UTR 6 FBLIM1 chr1 16112130 A 10 3′ UTR 6 FBXO21 chr12 117582899 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FBXO27 chr19 39514872 T 12 3′ UTR 6 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118594 A 11 3′ UTR 6 FOXP1 chr3 71007140 T 11 3′ UTR 6 G3BP1 chr5 151184779 T 11 3′ UTR 6 GABRB2 chr5 160717254 T 12 3′ UTR 6 GDA chr9 74866560 T 12 3′ UTR 6 GIT1 chr17 27901146 A 12 3′ UTR 6 GJC1 chr17 42878975 T 13 3′ UTR 6 GPR4 chr19 46093443 A 11 3′ UTR 6 GSK3B chr3 119544323 A 9 3′ UTR 6 GSR chr8 30536666 A 19 3′ UTR 6 GTF3C1 chr16 27471985 T 11 3′ UTR 6 HAS2 chr8 122625490 T 10 3′ UTR 6 HMGN2 chr1 26801737 T 15 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088125 A 12 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPH2, chrX 100668932 T 13 3′ UTR RPL36A-HNRNPH2 6 HNRNPU chr1 245014280 T 11 3′ UTR 6 HOMEZ chr14 23744114 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ICA1L chr2 203642599 T 22 3′ UTR 6 IGF2BP3 chr7 23350733 T 12 3′ UTR 6 IGFBP5 chr2 217537045 T 14 3′ UTR 6 ILF3 chr19 10796313 T 10 3′ UTR 6 INSR chr19 7112347 A 9 3′ UTR 6 IPCEF1 chr6 154476149 A 12 3′ UTR 6 KCNJ2 chr17 68175917 A 10 3′ UTR 6 KDM5A chr12 393489 T 12 3′ UTR 6 KHSRP chr19 6413651 T 10 3′ UTR 6 KIAA0825 chr5 93489194 T 8 3′ UTR 6 KIAA1671 chr22 25592399 T 12 3′ UTR 6 LANCL1 chr2 211297865 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LCORL chr4 17882781 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LIN7C chr11 27517703 A 14 3′ UTR 6 LMO4 chr1 87813143 A 11 3′ UTR 6 LRRC4 chr7 127668232 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LYRM7 chr5 130537006 A 12 3′ UTR 6 MAGI1 chr3 65340577 T 11 3′ UTR 6 MAL chr2 95719330 A 10 3′ UTR 6 MEIS2 chr15 37183446 T 10 3′ UTR 6 MKL1 chr22 40806781 C 9 3′ UTR 6 MKLN1 chr7 131175980 A 10 3′ UTR 6 MTDH chr8 98740104 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NANP chr20 25595618 A 11 3′ UTR 6 NAPEPLD chr7 102742595 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NCEH1 chr3 172349171 T 12 3′ UTR 6 NCOA5 chr20 44689693 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NKAIN2 chr6 125146684 T 9 3′ UTR 6 NPNT chr4 106892254 T 13 3′ UTR 6 NPR3 chr5 32786465 T 11 3′ UTR 6 NR2F2 chr15 96881216 T 10 3′ UTR 6 NR3C1 chr5 142657694 T 9 3′ UTR 6 NUFIP2 chr17 27584536 T 12 3′ UTR 6 OPA3 chr19 46052745 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ORAI3 chr16 30965549 T 15 3′ UTR 6 OTUB2 chr14 94512841 A 11 3′ UTR 6 OXR1 chr8 107764239 A 10 3′ UTR 6 PAQR7 chr1 26188503 A 31 3′ UTR 6 PCDHB3 chr5 140482943 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PDP2 chr16 66920308 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PEBP1 chr12 118582973 A 21 3′ UTR 6 PELI2 chr14 56764487 T 13 3′ UTR 6 PGPEP1 chr19 18477965 A 20 3′ UTR 6 PGR chr11 100902321 T 15 3′ UTR 6 PHLDA1 chr12 76421757 T 12 3′ UTR 6 PID1 chr2 229889188 A 9 3′ UTR 6 PIGN chr18 59712451 A 11 3′ UTR 6 PIM2 chrX 48770831 A 20 3′ UTR 6 PLAA chr9 26904508 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PLEKHA6 chr1 204190022 A 13 3′ UTR 6 PPM1A chr14 60761433 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PPP1R3D chr20 58513623 T 11 3′ UTR 6 PRDM1 chr6 106557171 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PTCD3 chr2 86366926 A 11 3′ UTR 6 PTGDR chr14 52741746 A 11 3′ UTR 6 RAB22A chr20 56941068 T 10 3′ UTR 6 RAB8B chr15 63557574 T 13 3′ UTR 6 RAD51L1 chr14 68964202 T 12 3′ UTR 6 RBM12B chr8 94744118 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RNF10 chr12 121014987 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RORA chr15 60785852 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RRAGD chr6 90076341 A 13 3′ UTR 6 RRM2B chr8 103216874 A 9 3′ UTR 6 RTF1 chr15 41775015 T 10 3′ UTR 6 RUFY3 chr4 71655520 A 12 3′ UTR 6 S100A4 chr1 153516162 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SBK1 chr16 28334644 A 13 3′ UTR 6 SERBP1 chr1 67878789 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698671 T 17 3′ UTR 6 SLC16A6 chr17 66265042 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC25A20 chr3 48894565 A 12 3′ UTR 6 SLC30A5 chr5 68399959 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC35B4 chr7 133977008 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SLC44A5 chr1 75668544 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLMAP chr3 57913669 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SMAD5 chr5 135515014 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SMEK1 chr14 91924528 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SOCS4 chr14 55512747 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SORCS1 chr10 108333635 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SOX1 chr13 112724861 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SOX4 chr6 21597192 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SPIRE1 chr18 12449300 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SPTLC2 chr14 77975645 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SRCIN1 chr17 36687785 T 12 3′ UTR 6 STEAP3 chr2 120023163 T 12 3′ UTR 6 STK11 chr19 1228058 T 11 3′ UTR 6 STX12 chr1 28150575 T 10 3′ UTR 6 STX3 chr11 59569295 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SULF2 chr20 46286320 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SUZ12 chr17 30326763 T 12 3′ UTR 6 SYNJ2BP chr14 70834868 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TARDBP chr1 11084333 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TBC1D1 chr4 38140081 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TBC1D5 chr3 17201870 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TCERG1 chr5 145890609 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TCF20 chr22 42556646 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TFAP2B chr6 50814900 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TLCD2 chr17 1608003 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TMTC3 chr12 88591036 T 25 3′ UTR 6 TMTC3 chr12 88590177 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TNIP3 chr4 122052756 T 22 3′ UTR 6 TNRC6B chr22 40731027 T 10 3′ UTR 6 TOR1AIP1 chr1 179888400 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TP53INP1 chr8 95941646 A 13 3′ UTR 6 TRIM66 chr11 8636480 T 13 3′ UTR 6 TRRAP chr7 98610830 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TSR2 chrX 54471045 T 10 3′ UTR 6 TTC30B chr2 178415366 T 10 3′ UTR 6 UBASH3B chr11 122681008 T 13 3′ UTR 6 VAX1 chr10 118893337 A 10 3′ UTR 6 WDFY1 chr2 224742022 T 12 3′ UTR 6 WIF1 chr12 65444595 T 13 3′ UTR 6 XKR7 chr20 30585884 G 10 3′ UTR 6 XYLT1 chr16 17199775 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZADH2 chr18 72910475 T 13 3′ UTR 6 ZBTB7A chr19 4046340 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF238 chr1 244219033 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF24 chr18 32917176 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF362 chr1 33764950 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF407 chr18 72516095 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF430 chr19 21241252 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ZNF80 chr3 113954690 A 12 3′ UTR 5 ABHD2 chr15 89739843 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ABI2 chr2 204292194 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ACOX1 chr17 73941869 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ACTBL2 chr5 56777006 T 10 3′ UTR 5 AFF2 chrX 148080284 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ANAPC16 chr10 73993363 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ARF5 chr7 127231635 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ARL1 chr12 101787092 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ASAH1 chr8 17914871 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ATP1B2 chr17 7560698 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ATXN7 chr3 63985894 T 11 3′ UTR 5 B3GNT7 chr2 232264806 T 26 3′ UTR 5 BAG1 chr9 33253979 T 12 3′ UTR 5 BCL11B chr14 99638830 A 9 3′ UTR 5 BMP7 chr20 55744815 T 10 3′ UTR 5 BTBD11 chr12 108052115 T 12 3′ UTR 5 BTBD7 chr14 93708030 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C14orf126 chr14 31917025 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C14orf28 chr14 45376124 A 12 3′ UTR 5 C18orf56 chr18 649879 T 15 3′ UTR 5 C20orf12 chr20 18364708 T 12 3′ UTR 5 C5orf41 chr5 172563230 A 11 3′ UTR 5 C7orf68 chr7 128097963 A 10 3′ UTR 5 C9orf66 chr9 214453 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CABP4 chr11 67226510 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CACNB4 chr2 152695481 T 11 3′ UTR 5 CASP2 chr7 143003342 T 25 3′ UTR 5 CBFB chr16 67133969 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CBX5 chr12 54630019 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CCDC102B chr18 66722368 A 9 3′ UTR 5 CCND1 chr11 69468187 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CCND2 chr12 4409520 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CCNL2 chr1 1327869 T 9 3′ UTR 5 CCR1 chr3 46244273 G 10 3′ UTR 5 CDH3 chr16 68732679 T 11 3′ UTR 5 CEP68 chr2 65312945 A 12 3′ UTR 5 CGGBP1 chr3 88104472 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CHMP2B chr3 87303064 A 14 3′ UTR 5 CIB2 chr15 78397249 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CLEC5A chr7 141627861 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CNST chr1 246830426 A 10 3′ UTR 5 COL19A1 chr6 70918737 T 12 3′ UTR 5 COL8A2 chr1 36561052 A 10 3′ UTR 5 COX16,SYNJ2BP-COX16 chr14 70793015 A 14 3′ UTR 5 CPLX4 chr18 56963029 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CREB3L2 chr7 137563914 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CSNK1G1 chr15 64461259 A 9 3′ UTR 5 CTIF chr18 46388423 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CUL5 chr11 107975795 T 13 3′ UTR 5 CYP17A1 chr10 104590293 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DAND5 chr19 13084677 T 17 3′ UTR 5 DCUN1D5 chr11 102930486 G 7 3′ UTR 5 DDN chr12 49389156 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DDX5 chr17 62495664 A 10 3′ UTR 5 DDX6 chr11 118622141 A 10 3′ UTR 5 DLX3 chr17 48067712 T 14 3′ UTR 5 DNAJC15 chr13 43681779 T 9 3′ UTR 5 DNAJC18 chr5 138747976 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DOPEY2 chr21 37666277 A 14 3′ UTR 5 DPYSL2 chr8 26515559 T 10 3′ UTR 5 DSEL chr18 65174583 A 26 3′ UTR 5 DTNA chr18 32448118 A 16 3′ UTR 5 DYNC1LI2 chr16 66755235 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DYRK2 chr12 68055576 T 10 3′ UTR 5 EBF1 chr5 158125671 T 15 3′ UTR 5 EFNA5 chr5 106716350 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EFNA5 chr5 106712689 T 12 3′ UTR 5 EFR3B chr2 25378726 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ELAVL1 chr19 8023995 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ELAVL3 chr19 11562278 T 16 3′ UTR 5 EPS15 chr1 51822219 A 12 3′ UTR 5 ESRP1 chr8 95719492 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EVI5 chr1 92978704 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EVI5 chr1 92977467 T 11 3′ UTR 5 EXTL2 chr1 101338118 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FAF2 chr5 175935960 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM105A chr5 14611814 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM164A chr8 79631105 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FAM20B chr1 179044326 A 13 3′ UTR 5 FAM46A chr6 82457992 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FBN2 chr5 127594063 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FBRSL1 chr12 133160562 A 9 3′ UTR 5 FBXL4 chr6 99321799 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FBXO36 chr2 230876985 A 11 3′ UTR 5 FBXW2 chr9 123524089 A 12 3′ UTR 5 FCGR3A chr1 161512430 T 9 3′ UTR 5 FCHSD2 chr11 72549649 A 10 3′ UTR 5 FICD chr12 108913292 A 11 3′ UTR 5 FOXN2 chr2 48604358 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FOXN3 chr14 89627649 T 11 3′ UTR 5 GABRB2 chr5 160719907 A 9 3′ UTR 5 GNA13 chr17 63005677 A 10 3′ UTR 5 GNAI2 chr3 50296405 C 9 3′ UTR 5 GNAI2 chr3 50296330 A 12 3′ UTR 5 GPR12 chr13 27330332 T 10 3′ UTR 5 GPR137B chr1 236372038 T 10 3′ UTR 5 GPR37L1 chr1 202098133 T 21 3′ UTR 5 GRID1 chr10 87359476 T 11 3′ UTR 5 GRIN3A chr9 104331901 A 9 3′ UTR 5 GRPEL2 chr5 148731880 T 14 3′ UTR 5 HAPLN1 chr5 82937251 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HBS1L chr6 135357535 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HDAC4 chr2 239974109 A 9 3′ UTR 5 HEXA chr15 72636197 T 10 3′ UTR 5 HNRNPK chr9 86583800 A 10 3′ UTR 5 HOOK3 chr8 42876247 A 29 3′ UTR 5 HRH1 chr3 11303522 A 11 3′ UTR 5 HUWE1 chrX 53559710 T 11 3′ UTR 5 IGDCC4 chr15 65674432 A 12 3′ UTR 5 IGF1 chr12 102790988 A 11 3′ UTR 5 IGF2BP2 chr3 185361762 T 12 3′ UTR 5 IGFBP5 chr2 217537240 A 11 3′ UTR 5 INSR chr19 7116555 A 12 3′ UTR 5 JAM3 chr11 134020535 T 12 3′ UTR 5 KCTD1 chr18 24035448 T 12 3′ UTR 5 KCTD6 chr3 58487415 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KDM5A chr12 393804 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1324 chr1 109749368 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1324 chr1 109748644 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1737 chr14 77582032 T 14 3′ UTR 5 KIAA2026 chr9 5919249 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KLHL20 chr1 173754885 A 12 3′ UTR 5 KLHL24 chr3 183400567 T 10 3′ UTR 5 LDHAL6A chr11 18500557 T 12 3′ UTR 5 LENG8 chr19 54972801 T 9 3′ UTR 5 LHFP chr13 39917691 A 12 3′ UTR 5 LMO4 chr1 87811174 A 11 3′ UTR 5 LPHN3 chr4 62937355 A 12 3′ UTR 5 LPL chr8 19823634 A 11 3′ UTR 5 LRRC27 chr10 134193076 T 9 3′ UTR 5 LRRC4B chr19 51020187 T 10 3′ UTR 5 LTN1 chr21 30301899 T 10 3′ UTR 5 MAP1B chr5 71505347 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MAP3K7 chr6 91225524 A 9 3′ UTR 5 MAPK1 chr22 22114660 T 12 3′ UTR 5 MAX chr14 65543065 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MED1 chr17 37562164 T 11 3′ UTR 5 MED13 chr17 60022040 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MED28 chr4 17625638 T 10 3′ UTR 5 MKX chr10 27962805 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MNT chr17 2287533 T 13 3′ UTR 5 MOBKL2A chr19 2072745 A 13 3′ UTR 5 MORC1 chr3 108677146 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MST4 chrX 131208596 A 9 3′ UTR 5 MTA2 chr11 62360911 A 27 3′ UTR 5 MTF1 chr1 38278949 A 11 3′ UTR 5 NAA38 chr7 117832209 A 9 3′ UTR 5 NAPG chr18 10551001 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NCOA1 chr2 24991385 A 25 3′ UTR 5 NCOA3 chr20 46282984 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NKAIN4 chr20 61872616 T 12 3′ UTR 5 NLGN4X chrX 5808268 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NMNAT1 chr1 10044969 T 8 3′ UTR 5 NPLOC4 chr17 79525610 A 9 3′ UTR 5 NPNT chr4 106890724 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NR2F2 chr15 96881909 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NUFIP2 chr17 27585085 T 12 3′ UTR 5 ODZ4 chr11 78367062 T 9 3′ UTR 5 OGFOD1 chr16 56510333 T 12 3′ UTR 5 OPA3 chr19 46049757 T 14 3′ UTR 5 OSBP chr11 59341900 T 12 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50264179 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50263692 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PAPD5 chr16 50263454 A 8 3′ UTR 5 PFN1 chr17 4848972 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PHKB chr16 47734578 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PIGM chr1 159998080 T 11 3′ UTR 5 PIGM chr1 159997525 A 10 3′ UTR 5 PKP2 chr12 32944046 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PLAGL2 chr20 30781644 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PLEKHM3 chr2 208686453 A 10 3′ UTR 5 POLR3B chr12 106903452 A 9 3′ UTR 5 PPIC chr5 122359467 A 12 3′ UTR 5 PPP1R10 chr6 30568234 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PPP6C chr9 127911821 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PPPDE1 chr1 244869241 A 12 3′ UTR 5 PRKX chrX 3525721 T 9 3′ UTR 5 PRRG1 chrX 37313537 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PSMD5 chr9 123578376 A 10 3' UTR 5 PTGS2 chr1 186642025 T 9 3′ UTR 5 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119765266 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RANBP10 chr16 67757024 T 10 3′ UTR 5 RASGRP4 chr19 38900377 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RBL1 chr20 35632028 A 13 3′ UTR 5 RBM15B chr3 51431679 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RBMS3 chr3 30046424 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RC3H1 chr1 173904709 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RHOBTB3 chr5 95129188 A 12 3′ UTR 5 RIMBP2 chr12 130882589 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RNF41 chr12 56599353 G 10 3′ UTR 5 RRP15 chr1 218506526 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SAMD12 chr8 119208740 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SAR1A chr10 71910315 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SARM1 chr17 26726913 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SATB2 chr2 200135086 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SCAI chr9 127706579 T 16 3′ UTR 5 SCAMP1 chr5 77772627 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SCUBE3 chr6 35216591 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SDC4 chr20 43954848 A 9 3′ UTR 5 SENP5 chr3 196660478 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SERPINE1 chr7 100781987 G 8 3′ UTR 5 SFRS18 chr6 99848035 A 12 3′ UTR 5 SH3KBP1 chrX 19553810 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SIK1 chr21 44835578 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SKI chr1 2240043 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SLC16A1 chr1 113455427 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SLC26A4 chr7 107357810 A 25 3′ UTR 5 SLC2A12 chr6 134312045 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC6A6 chr3 14526824 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC7A11 chr4 139090880 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SMAD5 chr5 135513612 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SMG1 chr16 18819070 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SMS chrX 22012649 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SMURF2 chr17 62541185 T 13 3′ UTR 5 SNAP23 chr15 42824292 T 14 3′ UTR 5 SOST chr17 41831361 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SPCS3 chr4 177250844 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SPOCK1 chr5 136313113 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SSR1 chr6 7284948 T 13 3′ UTR 5 SSR3 chr3 156259169 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ST3GAL5 chr2 86067101 A 9 3′ UTR 5 ST7L chr1 113066620 A 11 3′ UTR 5 STC2 chr5 172744019 T 12 3′ UTR 5 STX6 chr1 180945093 A 9 3′ UTR 5 SYNJ2BP chr14 70838863 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SYT11 chr1 155851834 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TAF8 chr6 42045495 T 11 3′ UTR 5 THRAP3 chr1 36770047 T 17 3′ UTR 5 TLL2 chr10 98124863 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TMEM119 chr12 108984472 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TMEM201 chr1 9674449 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TMOD3 chr15 52201130 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TMTC1 chr12 29656466 A 8 3′ UTR 5 TNFAIP1 chr17 26672324 A 10 3′ UTR 5 TNFAIP3 chr6 138204003 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TNRC6B chr22 40724536 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TRIP10 chr19 6751495 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TRPM1 chr15 31293995 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TSC22D2 chr3 150177375 T 13 3′ UTR 5 TTC39C chr18 21715264 T 11 3′ UTR 5 UBE2G2 chr21 46191155 A 12 3′ UTR 5 UBLCP1 chr5 158712401 A 11 3′ UTR 5 UBN2 chr7 138989574 T 10 3′ UTR 5 UGT8 chr4 115598050 T 11 3′ UTR 5 UTP15 chr5 72876582 T 12 3′ UTR 5 WASL chr7 123323428 A 12 3′ UTR 5 WDFY2 chr13 52334589 A 11 3′ UTR 5 WDR76 chr15 44158820 T 21 3′ UTR 5 XYLT1 chr16 17199280 T 8 3′ UTR 5 ZBTB41 chr1 197124441 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ZC3H6 chr2 113097277 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ZDBF2 chr2 207177005 T 8 3′ UTR 5 ZNF287 chr17 16454419 T 9 3′ UTR 5 ZNF395 chr8 28205776 T 27 3′ UTR 5 ZNF451 chr6 57033558 A 8 3′ UTR 5 ZNF566 chr19 36937171 T 18 3′ UTR 5 ZNF572 chr8 125990551 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF780B chr19 40535764 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ZXDC chr3 126179925 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ZYG11B chr1 53290310 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SEPT11 chr4 77957803 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ACVR1C chr2 158390343 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ACVR2A chr2 148687300 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ADAMTS18 chr16 77316279 T 11 3′ UTR 4 AGPAT5 chr8 6617153 A 11 3′ UTR 4 AKAP1 chr17 55198578 A 14 3′ UTR 4 ANKIB1 chr7 92030525 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ANKRD13B chr17 27941253 T 19 3′ UTR 4 ANKS1B chr12 99138458 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ARHGAP12 chr10 32096465 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ARID5B chr10 63853410 T 27 3′ UTR 4 ARL2BP chr16 57287376 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ARMC8 chr3 137964255 T 9 3′ UTR 4 ARPP19 chr15 52841555 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ATP6V0D1 chr16 67472221 G 9 3′ UTR 4 AXIN2 chr17 63525462 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BAG5 chr14 104023132 A 10 3′ UTR 4 BARX2 chr11 129321925 T 10 3′ UTR 4 BCL11A chr2 60685736 T 13 3′ UTR 4 BCL11A chr2 60684501 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BCL11B chr14 99637754 T 10 3′ UTR 4 BCL7A chr12 122498867 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BEND4 chr4 42114856 A 10 3′ UTR 4 BFAR chr16 14762692 A 16 3′ UTR 4 BRAF chr7 140434294 A 9 3′ UTR 4 BTBD7 chr14 93708031 A 9 3′ UTR 4 BTBD7 chr14 93705796 T 13 3′ UTR 4 C10orf46 chr10 120445285 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C10orf84 chr10 120069534 A 9 3′ UTR 4 C11orf41 chr11 33690228 T 8 3′ UTR 4 C11orf58 chr11 16777810 T 24 3′ UTR 4 C11orf58 chr11 16777368 T 9 3′ UTR 4 C12orf23 chr12 107367018 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf5 chr12 4463524 T 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf66 chr12 64587315 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C12orf76 chr12 110479725 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C14orf101 chr14 57116192 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C14orf43 chr14 74183215 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C16orf45 chr16 15680717 C 9 3′ UTR 4 C16orf87 chr16 46836142 T 12 3′ UTR 4 C17orf78 chr17 35749617 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C18orf25 chr18 43846502 A 9 3′ UTR 4 C3orf70 chr3 184795851 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C6orf170 chr6 121401361 T 21 3′ UTR 4 C6orf62 chr6 24705738 A 10 3′ UTR 4 C7orf45 chr7 129856476 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C7orf69 chr7 47859241 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C8orf48 chr8 13425580 T 9 3′ UTR 4 C9 chr5 39285017 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CA5B chrX 15801003 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CABLES2 chr20 60965113 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CAPRIN1 chr11 34121880 T 8 3′ UTR 4 CBFA2T2 chr20 32236969 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CBL chr11 119172610 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CBY1 chr22 39069285 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CC2D1B chr1 52817555 A 22 3′ UTR 4 CCND1 chr11 69466274 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CD59 chr11 33730438 T 8 3′ UTR 4 CD96 chr3 111368930 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CDH13 chr16 83828683 A 11 3′ UTR 4 CDH4 chr20 60512276 A 19 3′ UTR 4 CEP164 chr11 117283967 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CEP57L1 chr6 109484935 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CHMP4C chr8 82671242 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CLCN5 chrX 49858223 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CLDN14 chr21 37833059 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CLEC3A chr16 78065330 T 12 3′ UTR 4 CMTM8 chr3 32411483 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CNNM1 chr10 101153279 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CNNM3 chr2 97499281 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CORO2B chr15 69020046 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CPSF2 chr14 92630061 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CREBBP chr16 3776240 G 10 3′ UTR 4 CRTC1 chr19 18890340 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CSMD3 chr8 113236641 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CTTN chr11 70281530 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP1B1 chr2 38296985 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP20A1 chr2 204163758 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CYP2C18 chr10 96495747 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CYP4F22 chr19 15662704 C 9 3′ UTR 4 DACH1 chr13 72014288 T 11 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D3 chr16 20870892 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D5 chr11 102928449 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DDHD1 chr14 53513329 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DDX18 chr2 118589332 A 9 3′ UTR 4 DDX3X chrX 41207099 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DFFB chr1 3801133 T 11 3′ UTR 4 DGCR8 chr22 20099229 C 16 3′ UTR 4 DICER1 chr14 95554259 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DLGAP4 chr20 35156622 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DPP8 chr15 65738415 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DSE chr6 116758558 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DSTYK chr1 205115701 T 16 3′ UTR 4 DUT chr15 48634591 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DUT chr15 48634443 A 9 3′ UTR 4 EAPP chr14 34985335 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EDEM1 chr3 5260540 T 10 3′ UTR 4 EEF2K chr16 22299309 T 19 3′ UTR 4 EIF2B2 chr14 75476004 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EIF4G3 chr1 21133145 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ELAVL3 chr19 11564674 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ERLIN2 chr8 37614867 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ESRRB chr14 76967818 G 8 3′ UTR 4 ETNK1 chr12 22839785 T 28 3′ UTR 4 ETS1 chr11 128329018 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FADS1 chr11 61567668 T 14 3′ UTR 4 FAIM3 chr1 207077642 T 18 3′ UTR 4 FAM101B chr17 292360 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM116A chr3 57612436 A 13 3′ UTR 4 FAM117B chr2 203633341 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM126B chr2 201845397 G 7 3′ UTR 4 FAM160B1 chr10 116621715 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FAM189A1 chr15 29414906 G 8 3′ UTR 4 FANCD2 chr3 10143061 T 25 3′ UTR 4 FBN2 chr5 127594650 A 8 3′ UTR 4 FBXO27 chr19 39515468 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FGD4 chr12 32798227 T 12 3′ UTR 4 FGD5 chr3 14976010 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FGF12 chr3 191859718 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118562 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FLCN chr17 17115789 A 26 3′ UTR 4 FMNL3 chr12 50033467 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FOXN2 chr2 48603079 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FOXO1 chr13 41132503 A 9 3′ UTR 4 FOXP1 chr3 71005222 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FPGT chr1 74672686 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FTSJD1 chr16 71317151 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FUT8 chr14 66209673 T 13 3′ UTR 4 FZD7 chr2 202902385 A 11 3′ UTR 4 GADL1 chr3 30769514 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GAL3ST4 chr7 99757342 A 13 3′ UTR 4 GAN chr16 81413521 T 12 3′ UTR 4 GAPVD1 chr9 128127210 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GATAD2A chr19 19617715 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GATAD2B chr1 153781275 A 20 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118411744 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118408218 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GFPT1 chr2 69549530 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GLCCI1 chr7 8127832 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GLDN chr15 51697574 T 21 3′ UTR 4 GLYR1 chr16 4853902 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GOLT1B chr12 21669842 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GPM6A chr4 176555451 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR124 chr8 37701260 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR155 chr2 175299037 T 13 3′ UTR 4 GPR161 chr1 168054505 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GPR180 chr13 95279582 A 8 3′ UTR 4 GPX8 chr5 54460112 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GRAMD3 chr5 125829168 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GSTCD chr4 106767825 T 20 3′ UTR 4 GXYLT1 chr12 42477780 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HCCS chrX 11140989 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HCN1 chr5 45260992 T 9 3′ UTR 4 HDAC4 chr2 239971996 A 11 3′ UTR 4 HELZ chr17 65067696 T 8 3′ UTR 4 HEY2 chr6 126081692 T 10 3′ UTR 4 HIF3A chr19 46843765 T 12 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPA1L2 chr13 53217847 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPK chr9 86584095 C 9 3′ UTR 4 HOOK1 chr1 60338642 A 8 3′ UTR 4 HP1BP3 chr1 21070971 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HS3ST5 chr6 114376959 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HUWE1 chrX 53559518 A 12 3′ UTR 4 IKZF4 chr12 56431620 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IL7R chr5 35876844 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IMPG2 chr3 100945663 A 9 3′ UTR 4 INSR chr19 7112871 A 10 3′ UTR 4 IRGQ chr19 44094353 A 11 3′ UTR 4 IRS1 chr2 227600758 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ISL1 chr5 50689706 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ITPRIPL1 chr2 96994050 A 10 3′ UTR 4 JAKMIP1 chr4 6055625 A 11 3′ UTR 4 KBTBD7 chr13 41766026 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KBTBD8 chr3 67059954 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KCNMA1 chr10 78646910 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KDELR2 chr7 6501817 A 10 3′ UTR 4 KDM5A chr12 393295 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KDSR chr18 60998042 T 15 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0182 chr16 85706942 A 10 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0494 chr1 47142711 T 9 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0825 chr5 93487128 A 28 3′ UTR 4 KIF1B chr1 10438932 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KIF1B chr1 10437995 A 13 3′ UTR 4 KLF12 chr13 74261703 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KLHL4 chrX 86922592 A 12 3′ UTR 4 KPNA6 chr1 32639763 C 9 3′ UTR 4 KREMEN1 chr22 29539729 A 14 3′ UTR 4 L1CAM chrX 153127125 T 9 3′ UTR 4 LARP4B chr10 856761 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LATS2 chr13 21547830 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LBR chr1 225590887 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LEF1 chr4 108969352 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LIAS chr4 39478848 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LIMS1 chr2 109300693 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LIN7C chr11 27517538 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LIX1 chr5 96428100 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LMTK2 chr7 97837420 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LRCH2 chrX 114346112 T 10 3′ UTR 4 LRRC8A chr9 131679397 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LUZP2 chr11 25102964 A 12 3′ UTR 4 LYRM7 chr5 130540369 A 15 3′ UTR 4 MAP1B chr5 71502852 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MAP4 chr3 48016254 A 13 3′ UTR 4 MAP6 chr11 75316787 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55534134 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MB21D2 chr3 192516152 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MDM2 chr12 69233886 T 11 3′ UTR 4 MEF2C chr5 88017643 A 7 3′ UTR 4 MEGF9 chr9 123366681 T 10 3′ UTR 4 METAP2 chr12 95908545 A 11 3′ UTR 4 METTL8 chr2 172174950 T 8 3′ UTR 4 MEX3A chr1 156044195 T 17 3′ UTR 4 MFN2 chr1 12073251 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MGAT4A chr2 99236361 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MIDN chr19 1258791 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MKLN1 chr7 131181200 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MKRN3 chr15 23812682 T 8 3′ UTR 4 MLL2 chr12 49413198 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MLLT6 chr17 36883386 T 16 3′ UTR 4 MMP2 chr16 55539895 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MOSPD1 chrX 134022551 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MRPL44 chr2 224831951 T 11 3′ UTR 4 MTMR4 chr17 56567367 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MTSS1 chr8 125564840 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MYCL1 chr1 40361307 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NAPB chr20 23355923 A 9 3′ UTR 4 NARG2 chr15 60714335 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NCS1 chr9 132996076 T 12 3′ UTR 4 NDFIP1 chr5 141533930 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NEGR1 chr1 71869847 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NEIL3 chr4 178283942 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NF2 chr22 30092784 T 14 3′ UTR 4 NLK chr17 26523190 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NPC2 chr14 74946724 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NR2F2 chr15 96882212 G 8 3′ UTR 4 NRSN1 chr6 24147583 T 10 3′ UTR 4 OSBP2 chr22 31302451 T 10 3′ UTR 4 OSBPL3 chr7 24837354 A 10 3′ UTR 4 OTUD4 chr4 146058513 T 8 3′ UTR 4 OTUD4 chr4 146057615 G 13 3′ UTR 4 OXR1 chr8 107764095 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PABPC5 chrX 90691818 T 9 3′ UTR 4 PAICS chr4 57327144 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PAK1IP1 chr6 10709747 T 12 3′ UTR 4 PALM2 chr9 112706843 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PAPD4 chr5 78982336 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PAPOLA chr14 97033430 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PCDH17 chr13 58300047 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PCNP chr3 101312474 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PDE4C chr19 18320061 T 12 3′ UTR 4 PDGFA chr7 537622 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PDGFA chr7 536908 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PGM2L1 chr11 74047320 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIGW chr17 34894609 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIK3R1 chr5 67595054 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PIM1 chr6 37143155 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIP5K1A chr1 151220867 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PKD2 chr4 88998190 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PKN2 chr1 89301773 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PLA2G12A chr4 110633665 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PLAGL2 chr20 30784138 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PLCB1 chr20 8863118 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PLCL1 chr2 199013907 T 9 3′ UTR 4 PLCXD3 chr5 41307606 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PLK2 chr5 57749858 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PODNL1 chr19 14042032 G 8 3′ UTR 4 PODXL chr7 131185943 A 11 3′ UTR 4 POLH chr6 43584323 A 14 3′ UTR 4 PPAP2B chr1 56962088 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PPARA chr22 46633507 A 16 3′ UTR 4 PPARGC1B chr5 149227267 A 14 3′ UTR 4 PPM1E chr17 57060351 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PPP1R3A chr7 113517422 A 9 3′ UTR 4 PPP3CA chr4 101946069 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PRDM15 chr21 43220664 A 12 3′ UTR 4 PROSC chr8 37636576 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PRTG chr15 55907920 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PTP4A2 chr1 32374021 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PTPN22 chr1 114357118 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PTPRF chr1 44088117 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PTRF chr17 40554683 A 15 3′ UTR 4 PUM1 chr1 31405680 T 10 3′ UTR 4 QRICH1 chr3 49067797 A 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB39B chrX 154488466 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB7L1 chr1 205738564 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RAB8B chr15 63559206 T 12 3′ UTR 4 RASAL2 chr1 178447287 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RBM12B chr8 94745547 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RBM38 chr20 55983973 G 8 3′ UTR 4 RBMS3 chr3 30045473 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RDX chr11 110102325 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RGS18 chr1 192154126 T 8 3′ UTR 4 RGS6 chr14 73030606 A 11 3′ UTR 4 RND2 chr17 41181921 A 24 3′ UTR 4 RNF122 chr8 33405498 A 26 3′ UTR 4 RNGTT chr6 89320667 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ROCK1 chr18 18530891 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150447772 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150445907 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RRM2 chr2 10269544 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RSBN1L chr7 77408705 A 9 3′ UTR 4 RSL1D1 chr16 11930997 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SALL3 chr18 76757543 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SAMD4A chr14 55257700 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SASH1 chr6 148872287 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SATB1 chr3 18390227 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SCN1A chr2 166846936 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SDC4 chr20 43955023 A 24 3′ UTR 4 SEC63 chr6 108190403 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SENP5 chr3 196658083 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SEPHS1 chr10 13360740 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SFXN1 chr5 174954918 T 22 3′ UTR 4 SGK223 chr8 8175297 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SH2B3 chr12 111887735 T 14 3′ UTR 4 SHC1 chr1 154935862 G 8 3′ UTR 4 SHC4 chr15 49117721 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SHCBP1 chr16 46614658 T 14 3′ UTR 4 SHOC2 chr10 112773341 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698929 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698868 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SIX4 chr14 61178202 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLAIN2 chr4 48426160 T 9 3′ UTR 4 SLC17A5 chr6 74303467 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC22A5 chr5 131730903 T 17 3′ UTR 4 SLC25A36 chr3 140696772 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SLC2A2 chr3 170715683 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC39A9 chr14 69928356 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A15 chr12 85253350 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC9A6 chrX 135128103 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SMAD3 chr15 67485102 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SMAD4 chr18 48605007 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SMAD7 chr18 46447623 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SORL1 chr11 121502077 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SORL1 chr11 121501334 T 9 3′ UTR 4 SOST chr17 41831941 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SOX30 chr5 157053271 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPATA13 chr13 24878597 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SPATS2 chr12 49921053 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPINK7 chr5 147695440 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SPOP chr17 47676672 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SPRED1 chr15 38648129 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SPTBN1 chr2 54898095 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SRRM4 chr12 119599690 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SRRM4 chr12 119596858 T 9 3′ UTR 4 STAT2 chr12 56736372 A 13 3′ UTR 4 STK4 chr20 43708275 A 10 3′ UTR 4 STMN2 chr8 80577224 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SUMO2 chr17 73164056 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SYT13 chr11 45264120 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TACC1 chr8 38708293 A 25 3′ UTR 4 TAOK1 chr17 27871502 A 11 3′ UTR 4 TBL1X chrX 9684635 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TFAP2B chr6 50814917 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TFCP2L1 chr2 121975868 T 11 3′ UTR 4 THAP2 chr12 72073229 T 10 3′ UTR 4 THSD4 chr15 72072880 A 10 3′ UTR 4 THSD7A chr7 11411520 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TLCD2 chr17 1606349 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TM9SF4 chr20 30754878 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TMEM14C chr6 10731011 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TMEM169 chr2 216966376 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM192 chr4 165997961 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM40 chr3 12775743 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TNFAIP8 chr5 118729618 A 10 3′ UTR 4 TNRC6C chr17 76104332 C 9 3′ UTR 4 TPM4 chr19 16212343 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TRAK2 chr2 202244537 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TRIM33 chr1 114940229 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TRIM56 chr7 100733606 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TRIM9 chr14 51442832 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TRPC1 chr3 142525356 T 9 3′ UTR 4 TRPS1 chr8 116424772 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TRPS1 chr8 116423510 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TSPAN31 chr12 58141530 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TTC14 chr3 180326182 T 15 3′ UTR 4 TULP4 chr6 158929910 T 27 3′ UTR 4 TXNDC9 chr2 99936109 A 9 3′ UTR 4 U2AF1 chr21 44513110 T 11 3′ UTR 4 UBE2G1 chr17 4173433 A 10 3′ UTR 4 UBE2K chr4 39780193 A 11 3′ UTR 4 UBE3C chr7 157060934 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBE4B chr1 10240859 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBFD1 chr16 23582355 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UBN2 chr7 138992059 T 9 3′ UTR 4 USF2 chr19 35770658 A 10 3′ UTR 4 USP31 chr16 23077020 T 11 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632696 T 12 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632427 T 13 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632418 A 9 3′ UTR 4 VEZF1 chr17 56051105 T 14 3′ UTR 4 VGLL3 chr3 86990599 T 11 3′ UTR 4 VPS53 chr17 422006 A 27 3′ UTR 4 VTI1A chr10 114575744 T 10 3′ UTR 4 WDR3 chr1 118502087 T 11 3′ UTR 4 WDR82 chr3 52288956 T 19 3′ UTR 4 WHSC1 chr4 1945453 A 9 3′ UTR 4 XKR6 chr8 10755309 T 10 3′ UTR 4 XKR6 chr8 10755102 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB16 chr11 114121371 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB4 chr17 7363093 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZC3HAV1L chr7 138710878 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZCCHC13 chrX 73524759 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZCCHC2 chr18 60244188 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZFHX4 chr8 77778696 T 14 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L1 chr14 69255309 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L2 chr2 43450053 C 8 3′ UTR 4 ZMIZ1 chr10 81075616 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF498 chr7 99229241 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF528 chr19 52920874 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF594 chr17 5084035 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF618 chr9 116812463 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZNF629 chr16 30792783 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF681 chr19 23925293 A 13 3′ UTR 4 ZNF737 chr19 20726934 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF740 chr12 53584463 T 14 3′ UTR 4 ZSCAN30 chr18 32831761 T 12 3′ UTR 13 GABRG2 chr5 161494990 A 12 5′ UTR 12 ARHGEF11 chr1 157014811 A 12 5′ UTR 12 CCT6B chr17 33288433 A 11 5′ UTR 12 LRMP chr12 25205380 A 11 5′ UTR 11 TMEM177 chr2 120437061 A 11 5′ UTR 11 ZNF781 chr19 38161161 T 11 5′ UTR 10 EPHB6 chr7 142560576 A 13 5′ UTR 10 LMOD3 chr3 69171664 T 13 5′ UTR 10 MBNL1 chr3 152017897 T 11 5′ UTR 9 ARHGEF9 chrX 62974288 T 12 5′ UTR 9 BDNF chr11 27741184 A 10 5′ UTR 9 CBLN2 chr18 70211389 A 14 5′ UTR 9 OIT3 chr10 74653468 A 10 5′ UTR 8 BMP5 chr6 55739711 A 14 5′ UTR 8 LOC642587 chr1 209602342 T 13 5′ UTR 8 OMD chr9 95179844 T 11 5′ UTR 8 SEMA6A chr5 115910134 A 11 5′ UTR 8 TCF4 chr18 53255634 A 12 5′ UTR 7 ASPH chr8 62602295 A 11 5′ UTR 7 CNTNAP2 chr7 145813627 T 11 5′ UTR 7 DIO2 chr14 80678323 T 14 5′ UTR 7 DIO2 chr14 80678077 T 25 5′ UTR 7 GSDMC chr8 130798567 A 14 5′ UTR 7 PTP4A2 chr1 32384716 A 11 5′ UTR 7 ZXDB chrX 57618380 T 9 5′ UTR 6 AMD1 chr6 111196178 A 11 5′ UTR 6 DDX3X chrX 41192964 A 10 5′ UTR 6 ESCO1 chr18 19164371 A 11 5′ UTR 6 GEN1 chr2 17935494 T 11 5′ UTR 6 LPHN1 chr19 14316982 A 15 5′ UTR 6 LRRC70 chr5 61874619 A 18 5′ UTR 6 MEIS1 chr2 66662690 T 13 5′ UTR 6 SATB1 chr3 18465613 A 13 5′ UTR 6 ST7L chr1 113162029 C 10 5′ UTR 6 TMEM31 chrX 102965989 T 10 5′ UTR 6 TOX chr8 60031707 A 14 5′ UTR 5 AAK1 chr2 69870217 T 24 5′ UTR 5 ARHGEF11 chr1 157014870 A 11 5′ UTR 5 CBLN2 chr18 70211440 A 9 5′ UTR 5 CEPT1 chr1 111690319 A 9 5′ UTR 5 EMP1 chr12 13364426 A 10 5′ UTR 5 GTF2A1 chr14 81686922 A 13 5′ UTR 5 L3MBTL3 chr6 130339785 A 10 5′ UTR 5 LMO7 chr13 76195056 A 9 5′ UTR 5 LPAR4 chrX 78003392 A 31 5′ UTR 5 LRRC4C chr11 40314470 A 10 5′ UTR 5 MCF2 chrX 138724841 A 15 5′ UTR 5 NDE1 chr16 15737427 T 11 5′ UTR 5 PBX1 chr1 164528904 T 10 5′ UTR 5 PRMT8 chr12 3600691 T 11 5′ UTR 5 PTPRB chr12 71031210 A 10 5′ UTR 5 SCN2B chr11 118047234 A 9 5′ UTR 5 TIGD7 chr16 3350676 A 10 5′ UTR 5 TSHZ1 chr18 72922942 T 10 5′ UTR 5 XRRA1 chr11 74656098 T 10 5′ UTR 5 ZXDA chrX 57936946 A 9 5′ UTR 4 ABCC10 chr6 43399532 T 10 5′ UTR 4 C1QL3 chr10 16563613 T 10 5′ UTR 4 CPLX4 chr18 56985739 A 10 5′ UTR 4 DHRS3 chr1 12677525 A 21 5′ UTR 4 FAM65B chr6 24877343 A 8 5′ UTR 4 GRIA2 chr4 158142151 A 9 5′ UTR 4 HEXIM1 chr17 43226461 T 10 5′ UTR 4 HRH2 chr5 175110094 A 21 5′ UTR 4 HYLS1 chr11 125753769 A 10 5′ UTR 4 IL18RAP chr2 103035368 T 11 5′ UTR 4 MBNL1 chr3 152017452 A 10 5′ UTR 4 NLRP3 chr1 247581609 T 12 5′ UTR 4 NR2F2 chr15 96874920 T 11 5′ UTR 4 NRXN3 chr14 79746442 T 10 5′ UTR 4 OBFC2A chr2 192543129 T 24 5′ UTR 4 PDGFB chr22 39640806 T 16 5′ UTR 4 PIK3R1 chr5 67584512 T 12 5′ UTR 4 PPP2R5C chr14 102276205 T 11 5′ UTR 4 RALYL chr8 85095860 T 11 5′ UTR 4 RFWD2 chr1 176176257 T 9 5′ UTR 4 RGS4 chr1 163038838 T 10 5′ UTR 4 SCN2A chr2 166150520 A 28 5′ UTR 4 SEMA3E chr7 83278198 A 16 5′ UTR 4 SETBP1 chr18 42260910 G 8 5′ UTR 4 SIAE,SPA17 chr11 124543762 T 15 5′ UTR 4 SKIV2L2 chr5 54603686 A 13 5′ UTR 4 SLC38A5 chrX 48327811 T 12 5′ UTR 4 STIM2 chr4 26862546 T 18 5′ UTR 4 STK11 chr19 1206796 T 10 5′ UTR 4 TGFB3 chr14 76447771 A 11 5′ UTR 4 TRIP6 chr7 100464995 A 10 5′ UTR 4 ZNF107 chr7 64152284 A 8 5′ UTR

TABLE 5 Affected Affected Nr of Chro- homo- homo- affected mo- Start polymer polymer samples Gene some Position base length 11  SETD1B chr12 122242657 C 8 10  OR7E24 chr19 9361740 T 11 10  SEC31A chr4 83785564 T 9 9 ASTE1 chr3 130733046 T 11 9 CASP5 chr11 104879686 T 10 9 RPL22 chr1 6257784 T 8 8 CNOT2 chr12 70747693 A 25 8 LTN1 chr21 30339205 T 11 8 TTK chr6 80751896 A 9 7 CCDC150 chr2 197531518 A 11 7 KIAA2018 chr3 113377481 T 11 7 MBD4 chr3 129155547 T 10 7 MSH6 chr2 48030639 C 8 7 PHF2 chr9 96422611 A 8 7 RNF145 chr5 158630629 T 11 7 RNPC3 chr1 104076466 A 12 7 SLC22A9 chr11 63149670 A 11 7 TMBIM4 chr12 66531936 A 10 6 AIM2 chr1 159032486 T 10 6 ATR chr3 142274739 T 10 6 CASP5 chr11 104878040 T 10 6 CDH26 chr20 58587783 A 10 6 CLOCK chr4 56336953 A 9 6 CTCF chr16 67645338 A 7 6 GRIK2 chr6 102503431 A 8 6 KIAA0182 chr16 85682289 C 8 6 MIS18BP1 chr14 45716018 T 11 6 MLL3 chr7 151874147 T 9 6 NDUFC2 chr11 77784146 A 9 6 RBMXL1 chr1 89449508 T 11 6 SLC35F5 chr2 114500276 A 10 6 TAF1B chr2 9989570 A 11 6 TGFBR2 chr3 30691871 A 10 6 TMEM60 chr7 77423459 T 9 5 ACVR2A chr2 148683685 A 8 5 BRD3 chr9 136918528 G 8 5 C13orf40 chr13 103381995 A 9 5 COBLL1 chr2 165551295 A 9 5 DDX27 chr20 47858503 A 8 5 DOCK3 chr3 51417603 C 7 5 FAM111B chr11 58892376 A 10 5 FAM18A chr16 10867202 A 9 5 FETUB chr3 186362543 A 9 5 IGF2R chr6 160485487 G 8 5 KIAA1919 chr6 111587360 T 9 5 MAP3K4 chr6 161469775 A 8 5 NRIP1 chr21 16338329 T 8 5 PRKDC chr8 48866909 T 10 5 PRRG1 chrX 37312610 C 8 5 PRRT2 chr16 29825015 C 9 5 RFFL chr17 33336605 A 14 5 RGS12 chr4 3430398 A 9 5 SLMO2- chr20 57603795 T 11 ATP5E 5 SMC6 chr2 17898125 T 9 5 SNAR-G1 chr19 49540383 A 14 5 SRSF3 chr6 36570853 T 14 5 TSIX chrX 73039404 A 13 5 UBR5 chr8 103289348 T 8 5 UVRAG chr11 75694430 A 10 4 C14orf39 chr14 60903564 A 8 4 C15orf5 chr15 77516475 T 11 4 CEP164 chr11 117222647 A 11 4 CYHR1 chr8 145689658 C 9 4 DCAF17 chr2 172339178 T 11 4 ELAVL3 chr19 11577604 C 9 4 EXOSC9 chr4 122723893 T 8 4 FAM20A chr17 66531810 T 13 4 FLJ90757 chr17 79005507 C 9 4 FOXO3B chr17 18570304 T 16 4 GBP3 chr1 89473441 T 10 4 GLTSCR1 chr19 48197890 C 8 4 HPS1 chr10 100186986 G 8 4 INO80E chr16 30016652 C 9 4 INTS2 chr17 59944673 A 11 4 JAK1 chr1 65325832 G 7 4 KIAA0664L3 chr16 31718743 A 15 4 LOC284023 chr17 7818450 A 14 4 LOC645431 chr14 65877626 A 11 4 MIAT chr22 27067793 A 13 4 MYO10 chr5 16694605 C 8 4 OSBPL2 chr20 60854257 C 7 4 PAR-SN chr15 25227494 A 11 4 PRR11 chr17 57247170 A 9 4 RBM27 chr5 145647319 A 9 4 RBM43 chr2 152108087 T 10 4 RFC3 chr13 34398062 A 10 4 RG9MTD1 chr3 101284008 A 10 4 RPS26P11 chrX 71264809 A 15 4 SEC63 chr6 108214754 T 10 4 SLC23A2 chr20 4850568 G 9 4 SPECC1 chr17 20108262 A 8 4 SRPR chr11 126137086 T 8 4 TESC chr12 117476741 T 14 4 TEX11 chrX 70127617 A 8 4 TMCC1 chr3 129407106 A 13 4 TSIX chrX 73017534 A 12 4 WDTC1 chr1 27621107 G 8 4 XPA chr9 100437633 T 10 4 ZBTB20 chr3 114058002 G 7 4 ZDHHC8 chr22 20130521 C 6 4 ZMAT1 chrX 101138438 T 11 4 ZNF273 chr7 64390205 T 13 4 ZNF831 chr20 57766219 C 8

TABLE 6 Affected Affected Nr of homo- homo- affected Chromo- Start polymer polymer samples Gene some Position base length region 9 ARHGEF11 chr1 157014811 A 12 5′ UTR 9 LRMP chr12 25205380 A 11 5′ UTR 8 GABRG2 chr5 161494990 A 12 5′ UTR 8 MBNL1 chr3 152017897 T 11 5′ UTR 7 ARHGEF9 chrX 62974288 T 12 5′ UTR 7 CCT6B chr17 33288433 A 11 5′ UTR 7 GRIA2 chr4 158142151 A 9 5′ UTR 7 TRPS1 chr8 116681041 A 14 5′ UTR 7 ZNF781 chr19 38161161 T 11 5′ UTR 6 AMD1 chr6 111196178 A 11 5′ UTR 6 ASPH chr8 62602295 A 11 5′ UTR 6 EPHB6 chr7 142560576 A 13 5′ UTR 6 LMOD3 chr3 69171664 T 13 5′ UTR 6 OMD chr9 95179844 T 11 5′ UTR 6 SEMA6A chr5 115910134 A 11 5′ UTR 6 TMEM177 chr2 120437061 A 11 5′ UTR 5 BMP5 chr6 55739711 A 14 5′ UTR 5 CBLN2 chr18 70211389 A 14 5′ UTR 5 CEPT1 chr1 111690319 A 9 5′ UTR 5 LRRC70 chr5 61874619 A 18 5′ UTR 5 MCF2 chrX 138724841 A 15 5′ UTR 5 MEIS1 chr2 66662690 T 13 5′ UTR 5 NDE1 chr16 15737427 T 11 5′ UTR 5 OIT3 chr10 74653468 A 10 5′ UTR 5 RCC2 chr1 17766108 T 10 5′ UTR 5 RUFY3 chr4 71588131 T 14 5′ UTR 5 ZXDA chrX 57936946 A 9 5′ UTR 4 BDNF chr11 27741184 A 10 5′ UTR 4 EBF1 chr5 158526596 T 11 5′ UTR 4 EIF4E chr4 99851375 T 11 5′ UTR 4 ESCO1 chr18 19164371 A 11 5′ UTR 4 GEN1 chr2 17935494 T 11 5′ UTR 4 HEMGN chr9 100700505 A 11 5′ UTR 4 HRH2 chr5 175110094 A 21 5′ UTR 4 L3MBTL3 chr6 130339785 A 10 5′ UTR 4 LMO7 chr13 76195056 A 9 5′ UTR 4 LOC642587 chr1 209602342 T 13 5′ UTR 4 LRRC4C chr11 40314470 A 10 5′ UTR 4 NR3C1 chr5 142814523 T 12 5′ UTR 4 PTP4A2 chr1 32384716 A 11 5′ UTR 4 RAPGEF2 chr4 160189200 T 11 5′ UTR 4 RGS4 chr1 163038838 T 10 5′ UTR 4 SATB1 chr3 18465613 A 13 5′ UTR 4 SETBP1 chr18 42260910 G 8 5′ UTR 4 ST7L chr1 113162029 C 10 5′ UTR 4 TCF4 chr18 53255634 A 12 5′ UTR 4 TCF7L2 chr10 114710208 T 14 5′ UTR 4 TSHZ1 chr18 72922942 T 10 5′ UTR 4 USP53 chr4 120135275 A 18 5′ UTR 4 ZNF107 chr7 64152284 A 8 5′ UTR 3 AAK1 chr2 69870217 T 24 5′ UTR 3 ABCC10 chr6 43399532 T 10 5′ UTR 3 C10orf140 chr10 21806928 G 10 5′ UTR 3 C1QL3 chr10 16563613 T 10 5′ UTR 3 CCDC126 chr7 23650854 T 10 5′ UTR 3 CCDC99 chr5 169015403 A 8 5′ UTR 3 CNTNAP2 chr7 145813627 T 11 5′ UTR 3 CPLX4 chr18 56985739 A 10 5′ UTR 3 DDX3X chrX 41192964 A 10 5′ UTR 3 DIO2 chr14 80678323 T 14 5′ UTR 3 DIO2 chr14 80678077 T 25 5′ UTR 3 EBP chrX 48382099 T 18 5′ UTR 3 EMP1 chr12 13364426 A 10 5′ UTR 3 FAM65B chr6 24877343 A 8 5′ UTR 3 FLRT2 chr14 86087801 T 10 5′ UTR 3 GSDMC chr8 130798567 A 14 5′ UTR 3 HOXD3 chr2 177028841 A 10 5′ UTR 3 HYLS1 chr11 125753769 A 10 5′ UTR 3 JAKMIP2 chr5 147162132 T 10 5′ UTR 3 LPAR4 chrX 78003392 A 31 5′ UTR 3 LPHN1 chr19 14316982 A 15 5′ UTR 3 MARCKS chr6 114178627 T 9 5′ UTR 3 MRGPRF chr11 68780847 C 8 5′ UTR 3 NCAM1 chr11 112832276 G 10 5′ UTR 3 NR2F2 chr15 96874920 T 11 5′ UTR 3 P2RY14 chr3 150937331 T 8 5′ UTR 3 PBX1 chr1 164528904 T 10 5′ UTR 3 PKN2 chr1 89150150 T 13 5′ UTR 3 PPP2R5C chr14 102276205 T 11 5′ UTR 3 PTPRB chr12 71031210 A 10 5′ UTR 3 RFWD2 chr1 176176257 T 9 5′ UTR 3 SCN2B chr11 118047234 A 9 5′ UTR 3 SLC38A5 chrX 48327811 T 12 5′ UTR 3 TBC1D5 chr3 17781827 A 14 5′ UTR 3 TMEM31 chrX 102965989 T 10 5′ UTR 3 TOX chr8 60031707 A 14 5′ UTR 3 TRIP6 chr7 100464995 A 10 5′ UTR 3 XRRA1 chr11 74656098 T 10 5′ UTR 3 ZXDB chrX 57618380 T 9 5′ UTR 11  WIPF2 chr17 38436904 T 13 3′ UTR 10  NARG2 chr15 60712503 T 13 3′ UTR 9 AHCYL1 chr1 110566210 A 14 3′ UTR 9 C17orf63 chr17 27083744 T 12 3′ UTR 9 CD5L chr1 157801230 A 13 3′ UTR 9 CEP170 chr1 243288181 T 11 3′ UTR 9 COL5A2 chr2 189898205 T 13 3′ UTR 9 CSNK1G3 chr5 122950254 T 13 3′ UTR 9 DIDO1 chr20 61536691 A 11 3′ UTR 9 EIF4G3 chr1 21133496 T 13 3′ UTR 9 GSK3B chr3 119542766 A 11 3′ UTR 9 KCNMB4 chr12 70824838 A 14 3′ UTR 9 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55535728 T 13 3′ UTR 9 NPR3 chr5 32787131 A 11 3′ UTR 9 PI15 chr8 75766071 T 10 3′ UTR 9 PRTG chr15 55903921 A 11 3′ UTR 9 RASGRP1 chr15 38781450 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SH3KBP1 chrX 19552231 T 13 3′ UTR 9 SHROOM3 chr4 77701305 A 12 3′ UTR 9 SLC5A3 chr21 35470291 T 11 3′ UTR 9 UBE2Z chr17 47005701 A 11 3′ UTR 9 ZBTB33 chrX 119390643 T 14 3′ UTR 9 ZNF275 chrX 152617043 A 12 3′ UTR 8 AGPAT3 chr21 45405278 A 15 3′ UTR 8 APH1B chr15 63600287 T 12 3′ UTR 8 BCL11A chr2 60685409 T 12 3′ UTR 8 BMPR1B chr4 96076113 T 13 3′ UTR 8 CALN1 chr7 71245682 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CASK chrX 41379131 A 13 3′ UTR 8 CBFB chr16 67133068 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CBX5 chr12 54628041 T 13 3′ UTR 8 CCDC85C chr14 99978765 A 12 3′ UTR 8 CNOT7 chr8 17088039 T 11 3′ UTR 8 CYP1B1 chr2 38297055 T 12 3′ UTR 8 DRAM2 chr1 111660181 A 11 3′ UTR 8 EDA2R chrX 65815929 T 12 3′ UTR 8 EDEM3 chr1 184660755 A 14 3′ UTR 8 EGR1 chr5 137804274 A 12 3′ UTR 8 EIF4G3 chr1 21133286 A 13 3′ UTR 8 FAM20B chr1 179044906 A 12 3′ UTR 8 FCHSD2 chr11 72549649 A 10 3′ UTR 8 FLT1 chr13 28877146 A 12 3′ UTR 8 FMO2 chr1 171178335 A 11 3′ UTR 8 G3BP2 chr4 76568663 A 12 3′ UTR 8 HELZ chr17 65070976 A 14 3′ UTR 8 HRNR chr1 152184856 T 11 3′ UTR 8 IER3IP1 chr18 44682385 A 11 3′ UTR 8 KCNG1 chr20 49620212 T 14 3′ UTR 8 KCNK1 chr1 233807667 A 11 3′ UTR 8 KLF3 chr4 38699104 T 14 3′ UTR 8 LHX9 chr1 197898395 T 12 3′ UTR 8 LRRC8D chr1 90401405 T 11 3′ UTR 8 LYRM1 chr16 20935842 T 11 3′ UTR 8 MED13 chr17 60023567 A 10 3′ UTR 8 MYO5B chr18 47351784 A 12 3′ UTR 8 NCEH1 chr3 172348807 A 12 3′ UTR 8 PPP1R12A chr12 80169697 T 13 3′ UTR 8 PPP1R3D chr20 58512721 T 13 3′ UTR 8 RAB11FIP1 chr8 37718707 A 13 3′ UTR 8 RAB6C chr2 130739712 T 13 3′ UTR 8 SAMD12 chr8 119209320 A 11 3′ UTR 8 SEMA6A chr5 115779928 A 13 3′ UTR 8 SLAIN2 chr4 48428163 T 11 3′ UTR 8 SMAD4 chr18 48609831 T 11 3′ UTR 8 TMED7 chr5 114950622 A 14 3′ UTR 8 TMEM57 chr1 25826052 T 12 3′ UTR 8 TMEM65 chr8 125325217 A 11 3′ UTR 8 TNPO1 chr5 72204773 A 13 3′ UTR 8 TOR1AIP2 chr1 179814857 A 12 3′ UTR 8 TRAK2 chr2 202242603 A 12 3′ UTR 8 TRIP11 chr14 92435633 A 12 3′ UTR 8 UST chr6 149398012 T 13 3′ UTR 8 VEGFA chr6 43754176 A 12 3′ UTR 8 ZBTB7A chr19 4046571 T 11 3′ UTR 8 ZKSCAN1 chr7 99633041 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF12 chr7 6730082 T 12 3′ UTR 8 ZNF169 chr9 97063725 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ABAT chr16 8876792 T 11 3′ UTR 7 AEN chr15 89174888 T 12 3′ UTR 7 AIDA chr1 222841524 T 10 3′ UTR 7 ALG9 chr11 111655441 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ANK2 chr4 114303782 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ANKS1B chr12 99138457 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ARFIP1 chr4 153832102 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ARHGAP18 chr6 129898731 A 11 3′ UTR 7 ARID1A chr1 27107950 A 12 3′ UTR 7 ASPN chr9 95218905 A 12 3′ UTR 7 ATP11A chr13 113540850 T 12 3′ UTR 7 BCL11B chr14 99637947 T 12 3′ UTR 7 BTBD7 chr14 93708030 A 10 3′ UTR 7 C11orf87 chr11 109296012 A 12 3′ UTR 7 C14orf101 chr14 57114799 A 13 3′ UTR 7 C15orf2 chr15 24927891 A 10 3′ UTR 7 C15orf29 chr15 34434105 T 12 3′ UTR 7 C5orf33 chr5 36194227 A 11 3′ UTR 7 C5orf51 chr5 41921535 T 13 3′ UTR 7 CAMK2A chr5 149600684 T 11 3′ UTR 7 CANX chr5 179158477 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CBLN4 chr20 54572755 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CD1E chr1 158327025 T 13 3′ UTR 7 CD47 chr3 107762288 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CDC23 chr5 137524388 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CDKN2AIPNL chr5 133738313 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CEP44 chr4 175238738 T 13 3′ UTR 7 CMIP chr16 81744987 A 10 3′ UTR 7 CMTM6 chr3 32523862 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CNR1 chr6 88853530 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CPNE3 chr8 87571865 T 11 3′ UTR 7 CREB3L2 chr7 137561927 A 11 3′ UTR 7 CRTAP chr3 33187520 A 12 3′ UTR 7 CSDA chr12 10851811 T 14 3′ UTR 7 DLGAP2 chr8 1652939 A 11 3′ UTR 7 DLGAP4 chr20 35156539 T 11 3′ UTR 7 EBF1 chr5 158123905 T 13 3′ UTR 7 ENAM chr4 71511776 T 15 3′ UTR 7 EPS15 chr1 51821385 A 13 3′ UTR 7 EPT1 chr2 26617514 T 11 3′ UTR 7 ERBB2IP chr5 65375200 T 15 3′ UTR 7 FAM104A chr17 71204073 A 13 3′ UTR 7 FAM126B chr2 201844251 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FAM126B chr2 201838933 A 13 3′ UTR 7 FGF9 chr13 22278024 T 13 3′ UTR 7 FGFBP3 chr10 93666830 A 11 3′ UTR 7 FLRT2 chr14 86090074 A 12 3′ UTR 7 FLRT3 chr20 14305760 T 12 3′ UTR 7 FLT1 chr13 28875309 A 14 3′ UTR 7 FYN chr6 111982555 T 12 3′ UTR 7 GABPB1 chr15 50570604 A 13 3′ UTR 7 GABRG2 chr5 161581834 A 11 3′ UTR 7 GBP1 chr1 89518865 T 13 3′ UTR 7 GLUD1 chr10 88810337 A 15 3′ UTR 7 HCRTR2 chr6 55147361 T 12 3′ UTR 7 HIPK2 chr7 139249947 A 14 3′ UTR 7 INSR chr19 7116555 A 12 3′ UTR 7 KIAA2018 chr3 113371321 A 11 3′ UTR 7 KLHL4 chrX 86922591 A 13 3′ UTR 7 KRT8 chr12 53291007 A 11 3′ UTR 7 LARP4B chr10 856116 A 13 3′ UTR 7 LRAT chr4 155673737 A 10 3′ UTR 7 MAT2A chr2 85772061 T 12 3′ UTR 7 MED28 chr4 17626082 T 11 3′ UTR 7 METTL9 chr16 21667438 A 12 3′ UTR 7 MEX3A chr1 156043944 T 11 3′ UTR 7 MITF chr3 70014804 A 11 3′ UTR 7 MLL3 chr7 151832596 T 11 3′ UTR 7 MSR1 chr8 15997800 A 11 3′ UTR 7 NEK5 chr13 52639268 A 13 3′ UTR 7 NFIX chr19 13208001 T 13 3′ UTR 7 NRXN3 chr14 80328831 A 11 3′ UTR 7 OXR1 chr8 107763507 T 13 3′ UTR 7 PEX13 chr2 61276332 T 15 3′ UTR 7 PGK1 chrX 77381770 T 13 3′ UTR 7 PHACTR2 chr6 144151003 T 10 3′ UTR 7 PLEKHA2 chr8 38830288 T 13 3′ UTR 7 POFUT1 chr20 30826323 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PPP2R3A chr3 135865826 T 11 3′ UTR 7 PRKD3 chr2 37479023 A 11 3′ UTR 7 PRKD3 chr2 37478759 T 12 3′ UTR 7 PSEN1 chr14 73688298 T 13 3′ UTR 7 PTEN chr10 89725293 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RAB6A chr11 73387527 A 12 3′ UTR 7 RBM25 chr14 73587904 T 14 3′ UTR 7 RBM45 chr2 178994205 T 11 3′ UTR 7 RBMS1 chr2 161128989 T 13 3′ UTR 7 RCC2 chr1 17735285 A 14 3′ UTR 7 RELL1 chr4 37613352 A 12 3′ UTR 7 RORA chr15 60788653 A 12 3′ UTR 7 RSPO2 chr8 108912568 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SEC61G chr7 54819993 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SEPT7 chr7 35944036 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SLC35D1 chr1 67465371 A 13 3′ UTR 7 SMAD3 chr15 67486032 T 13 3′ UTR 7 SNAPC1 chr14 62262575 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SNRNP40 chr1 31732677 A 11 3′ UTR 7 SNX31 chr8 101585895 T 11 3′ UTR 7 SPIN1 chr9 91090830 A 12 3′ UTR 7 STX11 chr6 144511720 T 12 3′ UTR 7 SUCNR1 chr3 151599651 A 14 3′ UTR 7 SUMO2 chr17 73164055 T 12 3′ UTR 7 TACC1 chr8 38705639 A 11 3′ UTR 7 TAF4B chr18 23971326 A 13 3′ UTR 7 TBC1D24 chr16 2553486 A 13 3′ UTR 7 TMC1 chr9 75451136 T 15 3′ UTR 7 TMTC3 chr12 88591979 T 13 3′ UTR 7 TOB2 chr22 41832049 A 12 3′ UTR 7 TRA2A chr7 23544783 A 11 3′ UTR 7 TRIM66 chr11 8637072 T 13 3′ UTR 7 TRIM66 chr11 8635430 A 9 3′ UTR 7 TTBK2 chr15 43037302 A 12 3′ UTR 7 UBA6 chr4 68481877 T 12 3′ UTR 7 UBE2W chr8 74703502 A 14 3′ UTR 7 USP44 chr12 95911789 A 11 3′ UTR 7 USP9X chrX 41093298 T 15 3′ UTR 7 VGLL4 chr3 11599949 T 13 3′ UTR 7 VPS26A chr10 70931260 T 11 3′ UTR 7 WHSC1L1 chr8 38175279 A 11 3′ UTR 7 WSB1 chr17 25640280 T 15 3′ UTR 7 WWP1 chr8 87479625 A 13 3′ UTR 7 ZBTB3 chr11 62519422 A 12 3′ UTR 7 ZDHHC9 chrX 128939304 T 13 3′ UTR 7 ZNF185 chrX 152140995 C 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF217 chr20 52185289 A 13 3′ UTR 7 ZNF238 chr1 244220229 T 10 3′ UTR 7 ZNF264 chr19 57730525 A 14 3′ UTR 7 ZNF281 chr1 200375822 T 12 3′ UTR 7 ZNF549 chr19 58050715 T 14 3′ UTR 7 ZNF740 chr12 53582896 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ACTR2 chr2 65498035 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ACVR1C chr2 158387581 T 14 3′ UTR 6 AES chr19 3053066 T 13 3′ UTR 6 AJAP1 chr1 4843660 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ALDH8A1 chr6 135238907 T 10 3′ UTR 6 ANKRD28 chr3 15709862 T 13 3′ UTR 6 ANP32B chr9 100777784 A 14 3′ UTR 6 APPBP2 chr17 58524281 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ARAP2 chr4 36068192 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ARHGAP17 chr16 24930800 A 14 3′ UTR 6 ARHGAP5 chr14 32627034 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ARID4A chr14 58840119 T 10 3′ UTR 6 ARL4C chr2 235403511 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ARL5B chr10 18964315 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ATRX chrX 76763679 A 13 3′ UTR 6 ATXN7 chr3 63987679 A 15 3′ UTR 6 BCL7A chr12 122498799 A 12 3′ UTR 6 BMPR1B chr4 96077805 A 12 3′ UTR 6 BRAP chr12 112080129 T 12 3′ UTR 6 C14orf104 chr14 50092077 A 13 3′ UTR 6 C3orf62 chr3 49308391 A 11 3′ UTR 6 C3orf72 chr3 138671354 T 13 3′ UTR 6 C4orf49 chr4 140187661 T 11 3′ UTR 6 C5orf42 chr5 37107311 T 11 3′ UTR 6 C6orf145 chr6 3723315 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CACNB4 chr2 152694131 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CADPS chr3 62384481 T 10 3′ UTR 6 CALN1 chr7 71249416 T 10 3′ UTR 6 CAMKK2 chr12 121676365 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CANX chr5 179155907 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CCDC89 chr11 85395559 T 10 3′ UTR 6 CCDC93 chr2 118675891 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CCND2 chr12 4411082 T 11 3′ UTR 6 CCND2 chr12 4410638 T 16 3′ UTR 6 CD36 chr7 80306123 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CDC73 chr1 193220974 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CDK2 chr12 56366445 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CDK4 chr12 58142004 A 14 3′ UTR 6 CHMP2B chr3 87303064 A 14 3′ UTR 6 CISD1 chr10 60048285 T 11 3′ UTR 6 COIL chr17 55016354 A 14 3′ UTR 6 COPS7A chr12 6840953 A 11 3′ UTR 6 COX18 chr4 73923142 A 12 3′ UTR 6 CSMD2 chr1 33979967 T 12 3′ UTR 6 CSNK1E chr22 38686864 A 11 3′ UTR 6 CSNK1E chr22 38686807 T 12 3′ UTR 6 DCBLD2 chr3 98516119 A 13 3′ UTR 6 DCP2 chr5 112351058 T 11 3′ UTR 6 DENND5B chr12 31535650 T 12 3′ UTR 6 DIEXF chr1 210026704 T 15 3′ UTR 6 DNAJA2 chr16 46989766 T 10 3′ UTR 6 DSC3 chr18 28573880 A 12 3′ UTR 6 DTNA chr18 32446839 T 12 3′ UTR 6 DUSP9 chrX 152916312 T 12 3′ UTR 6 DUT chr15 48634319 A 15 3′ UTR 6 EDA2R chrX 65815870 A 13 3′ UTR 6 EFNA5 chr5 106714693 A 12 3′ UTR 6 EHD4 chr15 42191704 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ELTD1 chr1 79356149 T 11 3′ UTR 6 EMCN chr4 101318099 T 12 3′ UTR 6 EPB41L1 chr20 34818694 T 14 3′ UTR 6 EPHA4 chr2 222290623 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ERBB4 chr2 212247967 A 18 3′ UTR 6 ERGIC2 chr12 29493722 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ESRP1 chr8 95719492 A 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM103A1 chr15 83659295 T 14 3′ UTR 6 FAM116A chr3 57611367 A 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM120A chr9 96327976 A 13 3′ UTR 6 FAM46A chr6 82458103 A 13 3′ UTR 6 FAM46C chr1 118167727 T 12 3′ UTR 6 FAM60A chr12 31435608 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FAM60A chr12 31435556 A 10 3′ UTR 6 FBLN7 chr2 112945284 T 11 3′ UTR 6 FGF9 chr13 22277774 T 10 3′ UTR 6 FOXL2 chr3 138663653 T 13 3′ UTR 6 FOXN3 chr14 89622979 T 13 3′ UTR 6 GLI3 chr7 42001569 A 11 3′ UTR 6 GNRHR chr4 68604166 A 12 3′ UTR 6 GOLGA7B chr10 99627458 T 14 3′ UTR 6 GPAM chr10 113910871 T 12 3′ UTR 6 GRIN2A chr16 9849712 A 11 3′ UTR 6 H3F3C chr12 31944217 T 12 3′ UTR 6 HAS2 chr8 122625936 A 12 3′ UTR 6 HIP1 chr7 75166838 A 11 3′ UTR 6 HMGCS1 chr5 43290194 A 16 3′ UTR 6 HN1L chr16 1751589 T 11 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088002 T 10 3′ UTR 6 HNRNPK chr9 86583189 T 12 3′ UTR 6 HS3ST1 chr4 11400430 T 13 3′ UTR 6 HSPC159 chr2 64687147 T 16 3′ UTR 6 HUS1B chr6 656079 A 10 3′ UTR 6 IGF2BP1 chr17 47129195 T 12 3′ UTR 6 IL33 chr9 6256984 T 12 3′ UTR 6 IQGAP1 chr15 91044621 A 14 3′ UTR 6 IRF2BP2 chr1 234742204 A 13 3′ UTR 6 KCNJ2 chr17 68175917 A 10 3′ UTR 6 KCTD9 chr8 25286171 A 12 3′ UTR 6 KDM5A chr12 389523 T 11 3′ UTR 6 KHDRBS1 chr1 32508883 A 11 3′ UTR 6 KIAA1671 chr22 25592399 T 12 3′ UTR 6 KIF3A chr5 132029672 A 14 3′ UTR 6 KLF9 chr9 73002115 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LACE1 chr6 108844116 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LANCL1 chr2 211297865 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LDB3 chr10 88495759 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LHFPL4 chr3 9543422 A 13 3′ UTR 6 LPHN3 chr4 62936763 T 12 3′ UTR 6 LRCH1 chr13 47325657 A 10 3′ UTR 6 LRIG2 chr1 113667282 T 11 3′ UTR 6 LRRC4 chr7 127668232 T 9 3′ UTR 6 LRRN3 chr7 110764988 A 13 3′ UTR 6 LSM14A chr19 34718607 T 12 3′ UTR 6 LYPLA1 chr8 54959960 T 12 3′ UTR 6 MAGEB3 chrX 30255422 A 11 3′ UTR 6 MAK16 chr8 33357516 T 11 3′ UTR 6 MAP3K5 chr6 136878751 T 14 3′ UTR 6 MDM2 chr12 69236873 T 13 3′ UTR 6 MED1 chr17 37561712 T 13 3′ UTR 6 MESDC1 chr15 81296262 T 9 3′ UTR 6 MESDC1 chr15 81296129 T 12 3′ UTR 6 METTL21B chr12 58175145 T 15 3′ UTR 6 MKLN1 chr7 131175980 A 10 3′ UTR 6 MLL5 chr7 104754047 T 14 3′ UTR 6 MRE11A chr11 94151547 T 13 3′ UTR 6 MTF2 chr1 93602675 A 14 3′ UTR 6 MTMR9 chr8 11185354 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NAA35 chr9 88637203 A 10 3′ UTR 6 NAALAD2 chr11 89925062 T 10 3′ UTR 6 NAF1 chr4 164049985 A 11 3′ UTR 6 NANP chr20 25595951 A 13 3′ UTR 6 NANP chr20 25595618 A 11 3′ UTR 6 NEDD1 chr12 97346987 A 13 3′ UTR 6 NHLH1 chr1 160341680 A 11 3′ UTR 6 NPAS3 chr14 34271068 A 12 3′ UTR 6 NUS1 chr6 118029805 T 11 3′ UTR 6 OXSR1 chr3 38296209 T 12 3′ UTR 6 PAPD5 chr16 50264031 A 13 3′ UTR 6 PCDH9 chr13 66878392 A 26 3′ UTR 6 PCGF3 chr4 761102 T 11 3′ UTR 6 PCGF5 chr10 93043932 T 11 3′ UTR 6 PEG3 chr19 57323786 T 13 3′ UTR 6 PHF6 chrX 133561520 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PLCH1 chr3 155197737 A 12 3′ UTR 6 PM20D2 chr6 89874860 T 11 3′ UTR 6 PMEPA1 chr20 56226891 T 11 3′ UTR 6 POGZ chr1 151377008 A 13 3′ UTR 6 POLR2D chr2 128604217 A 15 3′ UTR 6 POMT2 chr14 77741349 T 11 3′ UTR 6 POU2F2 chr19 42595246 T 17 3′ UTR 6 POU2F2 chr19 42594356 T 13 3′ UTR 6 PPM1A chr14 60761433 T 10 3′ UTR 6 PPP2R3A chr3 135865709 A 14 3′ UTR 6 PRCC chr1 156770552 T 12 3′ UTR 6 PROK2 chr3 71821522 A 14 3′ UTR 6 PRPF40A chr2 153512044 T 15 3′ UTR 6 PTP4A1 chr6 64290633 T 15 3′ UTR 6 PURB chr7 44920830 A 9 3′ UTR 6 RAP2A chr13 98118463 A 14 3′ UTR 6 RASSF3 chr12 65088985 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RBM12B chr8 94745437 A 11 3′ UTR 6 RBM24 chr6 17292448 A 11 3′ UTR 6 RBM33 chr7 155569742 T 13 3′ UTR 6 RGS16 chr1 182569291 T 26 3′ UTR 6 RIMKLB chr12 8926680 T 11 3′ UTR 6 RPIA chr2 89049874 A 12 3′ UTR 6 RSPO2 chr8 108911856 A 10 3′ UTR 6 RUNDC3B chr7 87460421 T 12 3′ UTR 6 RUNX1T1 chr8 92972022 T 12 3′ UTR 6 RYR3 chr15 34157541 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SAMD5 chr6 147887423 T 12 3′ UTR 6 SATB2 chr2 200136194 T 12 3′ UTR 6 SCD5 chr4 83552278 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SCML4 chr6 108025850 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SEC24A chr5 134063499 A 14 3′ UTR 6 SEMA4D chr9 91992883 A 13 3′ UTR 6 SEMA6A chr5 115781801 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SENP1 chr12 48436768 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SETX chr9 135139195 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SFXN2 chr10 104498056 T 14 3′ UTR 6 SGK196 chr8 42978200 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SH3BP5 chr3 15297082 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SH3RF1 chr4 170017405 A 14 3′ UTR 6 SH3RF1 chr4 170016066 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLAIN2 chr4 48426783 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC16A7 chr12 60173983 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SLC2A3 chr12 8072022 T 13 3′ UTR 6 SLC30A7 chr1 101446221 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SLITRK3 chr3 164905648 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SNX27 chr1 151666826 T 11 3′ UTR 6 SOCS4 chr14 55512747 T 10 3′ UTR 6 SOX4 chr6 21597192 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SOX6 chr11 15988219 A 11 3′ UTR 6 SPTB chr14 65213610 A 13 3′ UTR 6 SRC chr20 36033633 T 13 3′ UTR 6 ST7L chr1 113067470 A 10 3′ UTR 6 STARD7 chr2 96851899 A 14 3′ UTR 6 STXBP5 chr6 147708451 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SULF2 chr20 46286320 A 10 3′ UTR 6 SYK chr9 93658485 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TAF4B chr18 23971176 A 14 3′ UTR 6 TBC1D22B chr6 37299299 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TFAP2C chr20 55213320 T 11 3′ UTR 6 TGIF2 chr20 35220571 A 14 3′ UTR 6 THAP1 chr8 42692467 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TIGD6 chr5 149373143 T 13 3′ UTR 6 TMC7 chr16 19073947 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TMEM106B chr7 12273303 A 13 3′ UTR 6 TMEM14B chr6 10756863 A 11 3′ UTR 6 TMEM33 chr4 41959614 T 14 3′ UTR 6 TMEM57 chr1 25825931 T 13 3′ UTR 6 TNFAIP3 chr6 138204003 A 12 3′ UTR 6 TNRC6B chr22 40723852 T 12 3′ UTR 6 TNRC6B chr22 40722031 A 10 3′ UTR 6 TNRC6B chr22 40719790 A 14 3′ UTR 6 TSGA10 chr2 99614595 A 13 3′ UTR 6 TTL chr2 113289264 A 11 3′ UTR 6 TTLL5 chr14 76420881 T 11 3′ UTR 6 UBE2M chr19 59067290 A 13 3′ UTR 6 UBXN7 chr3 196080741 T 11 3′ UTR 6 UFM1 chr13 38935214 T 11 3′ UTR 6 USP14 chr18 212029 A 9 3′ UTR 6 VCP chr9 35056078 T 12 3′ UTR 6 VEZF1 chr17 56049540 T 11 3′ UTR 6 WDR82 chr3 52289627 A 11 3′ UTR 6 XPO4 chr13 21356029 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ZBTB43 chr9 129596297 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZBTB44 chr11 130102910 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZCCHC5 chrX 77911813 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ZFHX3 chr16 72820314 T 15 3′ UTR 6 ZIC5 chr13 100616014 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF136 chr19 12299608 A 13 3′ UTR 6 ZNF2 chr2 95848209 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF347 chr19 53643153 T 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF407 chr18 72516095 T 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF563 chr19 12428823 T 15 3′ UTR 6 ZNF621 chr3 40575421 A 11 3′ UTR 6 ZNF704 chr8 81550824 A 12 3′ UTR 6 ZNF716 chr7 57529811 A 10 3′ UTR 6 ZNF737 chr19 20722094 A 14 3′ UTR 5 A1CF chr10 52566432 T 12 3′ UTR 5 ABHD2 chr15 89739843 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ABI1 chr10 27037487 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ADAP2 chr17 29285905 A 14 3′ UTR 5 ADCY9 chr16 4013843 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ADRBK2 chr22 26121915 A 11 3′ UTR 5 AKIRIN1 chr1 39471672 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ANAPC16 chr10 73993363 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ARID1B chr6 157530262 A 14 3′ UTR 5 ARL1 chr12 101787092 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ARL10 chr5 175800426 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ASB7 chr15 101191402 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ASB7 chr15 101189293 T 10 3′ UTR 5 ATF2 chr2 175939223 A 12 3′ UTR 5 ATP7A chrX 77302385 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ATXN1 chr6 16300902 T 11 3′ UTR 5 BACE1 chr11 117159733 T 11 3′ UTR 5 BEND2 chrX 18183097 A 15 3′ UTR 5 BOD1L chr4 13570453 A 11 3′ UTR 5 C1orf9 chr1 172580460 T 9 3′ UTR 5 C2orf3 chr2 75890030 A 16 3′ UTR 5 C3orf58 chr3 143709141 T 11 3′ UTR 5 C5orf43 chr5 60453908 A 9 3′ UTR 5 C6orf47 chr6 31626580 A 14 3′ UTR 5 CACNB4 chr2 152695481 T 11 3′ UTR 5 CACNB4 chr2 152695178 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CALML4 chr15 68483096 A 12 3′ UTR 5 CAMTA1 chr1 7827963 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CASK chrX 41377809 A 11 3′ UTR 5 CCDC43 chr17 42754916 T 13 3′ UTR 5 CCND1 chr11 69466273 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CCND2 chr12 4409520 T 10 3′ UTR 5 CD300LB chr17 72518440 A 11 3′ UTR 5 CDC25A chr3 48199852 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CDK19 chr6 110932988 A 12 3′ UTR 5 CELF2 chr10 11373567 A 11 3′ UTR 5 CELSR1 chr22 46756848 A 11 3′ UTR 5 CFL1 chr11 65622295 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CHM chrX 85118100 T 13 3′ UTR 5 CLEC3A chr16 78065330 T 12 3′ UTR 5 CLN8 chr8 1729701 T 14 3′ UTR 5 COPS7B chr2 232673378 T 13 3′ UTR 5 COQ7 chr16 19089610 T 13 3′ UTR 5 CPEB3 chr10 93809826 A 11 3′ UTR 5 CREB3L2 chr7 137563914 A 10 3′ UTR 5 CREB3L2 chr7 137559830 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CRTC1 chr19 18890267 T 14 3′ UTR 5 CTNND2 chr5 10972888 T 14 3′ UTR 5 DAG1 chr3 49571620 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DCUN1D5 chr11 102930486 G 7 3′ UTR 5 DDHD1 chr14 53513439 A 12 3′ UTR 5 DIXDC1 chr11 111892703 A 18 3′ UTR 5 DLG3 chrX 69722274 T 13 3′ UTR 5 DLGAP2 chr8 1653883 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DNAJC27 chr2 25167221 T 14 3′ UTR 5 DNMT3B chr20 31395997 T 11 3′ UTR 5 DPP8 chr15 65738042 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DSEL chr18 65174583 A 26 3′ UTR 5 DUSP10 chr1 221875661 A 11 3′ UTR 5 DUSP10 chr1 221874929 A 16 3′ UTR 5 EGR1 chr5 137804475 T 15 3′ UTR 5 EGR3 chr8 22545637 T 11 3′ UTR 5 EIF2S1 chr14 67851084 T 13 3′ UTR 5 EIF5A2 chr3 170607962 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ENTPD1 chr10 97628618 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ENTPD4 chr8 23289680 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EP300 chr22 41575537 A 15 3′ UTR 5 EPM2AIP1 chr3 37030780 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ERBB2IP chr5 65376306 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EVI5 chr1 92977467 T 11 3′ UTR 5 EXOSC2 chr9 133579920 A 11 3′ UTR 5 EYA1 chr8 72110673 A 12 3′ UTR 5 FAM118A chr22 45736689 T 11 3′ UTR 5 FAM122A chr9 71396662 T 11 3′ UTR 5 FAM168B chr2 131805979 G 9 3′ UTR 5 FAM169A chr5 74075446 T 12 3′ UTR 5 FAM178A chr10 102724795 T 14 3′ UTR 5 FAM91A1 chr8 124826583 T 12 3′ UTR 5 FBRSL1 chr12 133160562 A 9 3′ UTR 5 FBXO21 chr12 117582872 T 15 3′ UTR 5 FGF12 chr3 191861010 A 16 3′ UTR 5 FOXC1 chr6 1612419 A 12 3′ UTR 5 FOXN2 chr2 48604358 T 10 3′ UTR 5 FOXO3 chr6 109005013 A 11 3′ UTR 5 FOXP1 chr3 71007140 T 11 3′ UTR 5 FRMD4A chr10 13686797 A 12 3′ UTR 5 FRYL chr4 48500088 T 15 3′ UTR 5 FXR1 chr3 180694863 T 14 3′ UTR 5 GABRB2 chr5 160717254 T 12 3′ UTR 5 GAL chr11 68458592 T 12 3′ UTR 5 GALNT7 chr4 174244278 A 13 3′ UTR 5 GBP6 chr1 89851722 A 13 3′ UTR 5 GDA chr9 74866560 T 12 3′ UTR 5 GLS chr2 191828629 T 12 3′ UTR 5 GNAI2 chr3 50296405 C 9 3′ UTR 5 GNB1 chr1 1717242 T 12 3′ UTR 5 GPC3 chrX 132670054 A 13 3′ UTR 5 GPR137B chr1 236372038 T 10 3′ UTR 5 GPR4 chr19 46093443 A 11 3′ UTR 5 GRSF1 chr4 71686216 A 11 3′ UTR 5 GSR chr8 30536666 A 19 3′ UTR 5 GTF3C1 chr16 27471985 T 11 3′ UTR 5 H3F3B chr17 73774199 T 13 3′ UTR 5 HAS2 chr8 122625490 T 10 3′ UTR 5 HDAC4 chr2 239974109 A 9 3′ UTR 5 HELZ chr17 65073603 A 11 3′ UTR 5 HERPUD2 chr7 35672678 T 14 3′ UTR 5 HEXA chr15 72636197 T 10 3′ UTR 5 HIATL1 chr9 97221877 T 11 3′ UTR 5 HIPK1 chr1 114519857 T 14 3′ UTR 5 HIPK2 chr7 139257355 T 11 3′ UTR 5 HIPK2 chr7 139250450 T 11 3′ UTR 5 HNRNPUL1 chr19 41812943 A 12 3′ UTR 5 HS3ST5 chr6 114378233 T 12 3′ UTR 5 HYOU1 chr11 118915072 A 16 3′ UTR 5 IFNGR1 chr6 137518966 A 14 3′ UTR 5 IGF1 chr12 102790566 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ILF3 chr19 10796313 T 10 3′ UTR 5 IPCEF1 chr6 154476149 A 12 3′ UTR 5 KCTD6 chr3 58487415 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KCTD7 chr7 66105589 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KDM5A chr12 393804 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KHNYN chr14 24908391 T 11 3′ UTR 5 KHSRP chr19 6413217 A 13 3′ UTR 5 KIAA0825 chr5 93489194 T 8 3′ UTR 5 KIAA1267 chr17 44107956 A 14 3′ UTR 5 KIF5C chr2 149879665 T 10 3′ UTR 5 KLHDC5 chr12 27954136 T 13 3′ UTR 5 KLHL24 chr3 183400567 T 10 3′ UTR 5 KLHL28 chr14 45398006 T 11 3′ UTR 5 LDHAL6A chr11 18500557 T 12 3′ UTR 5 LENG8 chr19 54972801 T 9 3′ UTR 5 LILRB3 chr19 54720558 T 11 3′ UTR 5 LMO4 chr1 87813143 A 11 3′ UTR 5 LONRF2 chr2 100898347 T 12 3′ UTR 5 LRP6 chr12 12272288 A 12 3′ UTR 5 MAGI1 chr3 65340577 T 11 3′ UTR 5 MAK chr6 10764372 T 9 3′ UTR 5 MAL chr2 95719330 A 10 3′ UTR 5 MAL2 chr8 120256100 A 8 3′ UTR 5 MAP1B chr5 71504719 T 11 3′ UTR 5 MAP3K13 chr3 185200599 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MAPK1 chr22 22114660 T 12 3′ UTR 5 MAPK1IP1L chr14 55532698 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MED1 chr17 37562164 T 11 3′ UTR 5 MED13 chr17 60022040 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MEIS2 chr15 37183446 T 10 3′ UTR 5 MGAT4A chr2 99235842 A 11 3′ UTR 5 MID1IP1 chrX 38664817 T 13 3′ UTR 5 MLL2 chr12 49413580 A 12 3′ UTR 5 MS4A7 chr11 60161438 A 12 3′ UTR 5 MTDH chr8 98740104 A 10 3′ UTR 5 NAP1L4 chr11 2966276 A 15 3′ UTR 5 NEGR1 chr1 71869847 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NFIB chr9 14082667 T 12 3′ UTR 5 NIPAL3 chr1 24799398 A 12 3′ UTR 5 NPNT chr4 106892254 T 13 3′ UTR 5 NR2F2 chr15 96881909 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NR2F2 chr15 96881216 T 10 3′ UTR 5 NRXN1 chr2 50146697 A 11 3′ UTR 5 NTM chr11 132205623 T 14 3′ UTR 5 NTRK2 chr9 87487518 T 11 3′ UTR 5 NUCKS1 chr1 205683626 A 10 3′ UTR 5 ORAI3 chr16 30965549 T 15 3′ UTR 5 OTUD1 chr10 23730496 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PALM2 chr9 112708967 A 25 3′ UTR 5 PAPSS2 chr10 89507276 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PDP2 chr16 66920308 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PHF17 chr4 129783593 T 13 3′ UTR 5 PID1 chr2 229889188 A 9 3′ UTR 5 PIGM chr1 159998798 T 11 3′ UTR 5 PIGN chr18 59712451 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PIK3R1 chr5 67594399 A 12 3′ UTR 5 PLAA chr9 26904508 T 10 3′ UTR 5 PLAGL2 chr20 30781644 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PLXNA4 chr7 131809795 A 13 3′ UTR 5 PNPLA3 chr22 44342941 A 13 3′ UTR 5 POLR3B chr12 106903452 A 9 3′ UTR 5 PRKCQ chr10 6469109 T 13 3′ UTR 5 PRKDC chr8 48685753 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PRKX chrX 3525721 T 9 3′ UTR 5 PRPF4 chr9 116054493 A 14 3′ UTR 5 PRR23A chr3 138723892 A 9 3′ UTR 5 PRR3 chr6 30531427 T 16 3′ UTR 5 PSMD11 chr17 30807996 A 11 3′ UTR 5 PTAFR chr1 28475836 T 27 3′ UTR 5 PTPN11 chr12 112944240 T 12 3′ UTR 5 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119766958 A 12 3′ UTR 5 RAD51L1 chr14 68964202 T 12 3′ UTR 5 RB1CC1 chr8 53536112 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RBM25 chr14 73586613 T 12 3′ UTR 5 RBMS3 chr3 30046424 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RC3H1 chr1 173901043 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RDH10 chr8 74236678 T 10 3′ UTR 5 RECK chr9 36123172 T 11 3′ UTR 5 REPS2 chrX 17169995 T 13 3′ UTR 5 RHOQ chr2 46809063 T 12 3′ UTR 5 RNF10 chr12 121014987 T 11 3′ UTR 5 RNF149 chr2 101893233 A 10 3′ UTR 5 RNF2 chr1 185070964 T 22 3′ UTR 5 RNLS chr10 90034667 A 11 3′ UTR 5 RRM2B chr8 103216874 A 9 3′ UTR 5 RS1 chrX 18659977 A 13 3′ UTR 5 RXRA chr9 137331937 A 12 3′ UTR 5 RYBP chr3 72424549 T 9 3′ UTR 5 SAMD10 chr20 62605493 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SAR1A chr10 71911798 A 12 3′ UTR 5 SASS6 chr1 100549698 A 16 3′ UTR 5 SCAF11 chr12 46314390 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SEC31A chr4 83740163 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SENP1 chr12 48437910 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SENP5 chr3 196658083 A 10 3′ UTR 5 SERBP1 chr1 67878789 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SFPQ chr1 35649754 A 13 3′ UTR 5 SGCD chr5 156190730 A 12 3′ UTR 5 SGK223 chr8 8175297 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SLC12A2 chr5 127523981 T 24 3′ UTR 5 SLC16A6 chr17 66265042 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC30A5 chr5 68399959 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC35B4 chr7 133977008 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SLC44A5 chr1 75668544 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC7A11 chr4 139092374 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SLC9A2 chr2 103326258 T 10 3′ UTR 5 SLMAP chr3 57913669 T 13 3′ UTR 5 SMAD4 chr18 48609102 T 12 3′ UTR 5 SMAD4 chr18 48606335 T 14 3′ UTR 5 SMARCC2 chr12 56556167 A 14 3′ UTR 5 SMEK1 chr14 91924528 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SMG1 chr16 18819070 T 11 3′ UTR 5 SMU1 chr9 33047210 A 14 3′ UTR 5 SMU1 chr9 33046890 A 15 3′ UTR 5 SNAPC1 chr14 62262433 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SORCS1 chr10 108333635 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SOX4 chr6 21596500 A 12 3′ UTR 5 SPOCK1 chr5 136313113 A 11 3′ UTR 5 SSBP3 chr1 54692319 T 12 3′ UTR 5 STX1B chr16 31000674 G 8 3′ UTR 5 TARDBP chr1 11084333 T 11 3′ UTR 5 TBC1D1 chr4 38140081 A 10 3′ UTR 5 TBC1D5 chr3 17201870 T 11 3′ UTR 5 TBL1XR1 chr3 176741889 A 13 3′ UTR 5 TBP chr6 170881389 T 13 3′ UTR 5 TCERG1 chr5 145890609 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TFAP2A chr6 10397893 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TLE3 chr15 70340967 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TMEM108 chr3 133116233 A 14 3′ UTR 5 TMEM161B chr5 87491917 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TMEM178 chr2 39944921 T 13 3′ UTR 5 TMEM209 chr7 129805893 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TMEM26 chr10 63166725 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TMEM47 chrX 34646666 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TMTC3 chr12 88590177 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TNFAIP1 chr17 26672324 A 10 3′ UTR 5 TNRC6B chr22 40731027 T 10 3′ UTR 5 TNRC6B chr22 40720294 T 15 3′ UTR 5 TNRC6C chr17 76101834 T 9 3′ UTR 5 TOB1 chr17 48940256 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TOMM20 chr1 235275027 T 12 3′ UTR 5 TPH1 chr11 18042321 A 11 3′ UTR 5 TRPS1 chr8 116424407 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TRPS1 chr8 116423510 A 12 3′ UTR 5 TSPAN14 chr10 82279557 T 14 3′ UTR 5 TSR2 chrX 54471045 T 10 3′ UTR 5 UACA chr15 70946988 A 12 3′ UTR 5 UGT2B28 chr4 70160632 A 11 3′ UTR 5 USP28 chr11 113669136 A 11 3′ UTR 5 WASL chr7 123323428 A 12 3′ UTR 5 WDFY1 chr2 224742022 T 12 3′ UTR 5 WIF1 chr12 65444595 T 13 3′ UTR 5 XYLT1 chr16 17199775 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF238 chr1 244219573 A 9 3′ UTR 5 ZNF430 chr19 21241252 A 14 3′ UTR 5 ZNF521 chr18 22642386 T 13 3′ UTR 5 ZNF536 chr19 31048941 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF652 chr17 47369576 T 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF737 chr19 20723566 A 11 3′ UTR 5 ZNF80 chr3 113954690 A 12 3′ UTR 4 ACLY chr17 40023617 A 13 3′ UTR 4 ACOX1 chr17 73941869 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ADSS chr1 244571936 T 10 3′ UTR 4 AFTPH chr2 64819249 A 20 3′ UTR 4 AICDA chr12 8755425 T 16 3′ UTR 4 AK4 chr1 65692499 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ANKIB1 chr7 92028647 A 15 3′ UTR 4 ANKRD40 chr17 48770711 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ANXA11 chr10 81915055 T 9 3′ UTR 4 AP1AR chr4 113190822 A 11 3′ UTR 4 APOL1 chr22 36662141 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ARF5 chr7 127231635 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ARHGAP28 chr18 6914974 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ARID1B chr6 157529243 T 10 3′ UTR 4 ARPP19 chr15 52841555 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ATP2B1 chr12 89984601 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ATP9A chr20 50214427 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ATXN1 chr6 16301824 A 13 3′ UTR 4 ATXN7 chr3 63985894 T 11 3′ UTR 4 B3GNT7 chr2 232264806 T 26 3′ UTR 4 BAG1 chr9 33253979 T 12 3′ UTR 4 BBX chr3 107529758 T 12 3′ UTR 4 BCL11A chr2 60685736 T 13 3′ UTR 4 BCL7A chr12 122499827 T 14 3′ UTR 4 BCL7A chr12 122498867 A 11 3′ UTR 4 BCLAF1 chr6 136581674 T 11 3′ UTR 4 BIN1 chr2 127805622 T 10 3′ UTR 4 BMPR2 chr2 203426176 T 8 3′ UTR 4 BNIP3L chr8 26268445 A 10 3′ UTR 4 BTBD11 chr12 108052115 T 12 3′ UTR 4 BTBD7 chr14 93708432 A 12 3′ UTR 4 C12orf12 chr12 91346439 A 11 3′ UTR 4 C12orf5 chr12 4463524 T 10 3′ UTR 4 C14orf37 chr14 58471378 T 11 3′ UTR 4 C16orf53 chr16 29833642 A 13 3′ UTR 4 C17orf96 chr17 36829265 T 8 3′ UTR 4 C20orf12 chr20 18364708 T 12 3′ UTR 4 C2orf29 chr2 101886538 T 12 3′ UTR 4 C2orf67 chr2 210886727 T 14 3′ UTR 4 C6orf47 chr6 31626545 T 14 3′ UTR 4 C7orf46 chr7 23741876 T 11 3′ UTR 4 C9orf123 chr9 7797700 T 12 3′ UTR 4 CAMLG chr5 134086670 A 13 3′ UTR 4 CBFA2T2 chr20 32236969 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CBFB chr16 67133969 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CBL chr11 119175340 T 14 3′ UTR 4 CBLN1 chr16 49312880 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CCDC102B chr18 66722368 A 9 3′ UTR 4 CCND2 chr12 4411110 T 12 3′ UTR 4 CCNE2 chr8 95892992 A 11 3′ UTR 4 CDH1 chr16 68867611 T 12 3′ UTR 4 CELF2 chr10 11375889 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CEP68 chr2 65312945 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CGGBP1 chr3 88104472 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CHD7 chr8 61778758 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CIT chr12 120123939 T 11 3′ UTR 4 CLCN5 chrX 49862213 A 12 3′ UTR 4 CLIC5 chr6 45869504 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CLSPN chr1 36201819 A 17 3′ UTR 4 CNTN3 chr3 74312679 T 11 3′ UTR 4 COL19A1 chr6 70918737 T 12 3′ UTR 4 COPG chr3 128996444 T 19 3′ UTR 4 CORO2B chr15 69020046 T 10 3′ UTR 4 CPLX4 chr18 56963029 A 10 3′ UTR 4 CPSF2 chr14 92630061 T 9 3′ UTR 4 CTDSPL chr3 38025453 A 11 3′ UTR 4 CTNNB1 chr3 41281477 T 25 3′ UTR 4 CUL5 chr11 107975795 T 13 3′ UTR 4 CYB5B chr16 69499981 T 9 3′ UTR 4 DACH1 chr13 72014288 T 11 3′ UTR 4 DCAF10 chr9 37865073 T 12 3′ UTR 4 DCAF16 chr4 17804263 A 15 3′ UTR 4 DCP1A chr3 53321360 T 27 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D1 chr3 182662347 A 12 3′ UTR 4 DCUN1D5 chr11 102928449 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DDAH1 chr1 85786201 A 12 3′ UTR 4 DDN chr12 49389156 A 11 3′ UTR 4 DDX5 chr17 62495664 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DDX52 chr17 35974148 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DDX6 chr11 118622141 A 10 3′ UTR 4 DLGAP4 chr20 35156622 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DNAJB7 chr22 41256660 T 14 3′ UTR 4 DNAJB9 chr7 108213938 T 12 3′ UTR 4 DNAJC15 chr13 43681779 T 9 3′ UTR 4 DOPEY2 chr21 37666277 A 14 3′ UTR 4 DUSP4 chr8 29193728 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DYRK2 chr12 68055576 T 10 3′ UTR 4 DYRK2 chr12 68054141 A 11 3′ UTR 4 EBF1 chr5 158125829 A 12 3′ UTR 4 EDEM1 chr3 5260540 T 10 3′ UTR 4 EFNA5 chr5 106716350 A 11 3′ UTR 4 EFNA5 chr5 106716281 A 12 3′ UTR 4 EFNB1 chrX 68061978 A 12 3′ UTR 4 EGFR chr7 55273591 A 13 3′ UTR 4 EIF2B2 chr14 75476004 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EIF4B chr12 53434572 T 12 3′ UTR 4 EIF4EBP2 chr10 72188037 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ELAVL3 chr19 11563289 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ENC1 chr5 73923281 A 13 3′ UTR 4 EPB41L5 chr2 120932994 T 14 3′ UTR 4 EPM2AIP1 chr3 37032033 A 10 3′ UTR 4 EPS15 chr1 51822219 A 12 3′ UTR 4 ERCC6 chr10 50666628 A 13 3′ UTR 4 EVI5 chr1 92975050 T 14 3′ UTR 4 EXTL2 chr1 101338118 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FADS1 chr11 61569354 T 16 3′ UTR 4 FAF2 chr5 175935960 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM105A chr5 14611814 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM120C chrX 54098998 A 12 3′ UTR 4 FAM13B chr5 137274915 A 11 3′ UTR 4 FAM164A chr8 79631105 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM189A1 chr15 29414906 G 8 3′ UTR 4 FAM46A chr6 82457992 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FAM76A chr1 28087457 T 17 3′ UTR 4 FAM8A1 chr6 17609273 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FANCD2 chr3 10143061 T 25 3′ UTR 4 FBXO21 chr12 117582899 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FBXO27 chr19 39514872 T 12 3′ UTR 4 FBXO36 chr2 230876985 A 11 3′ UTR 4 FCGR3A chr1 161512430 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FGD5 chr3 14976010 T 9 3′ UTR 4 FGF12 chr3 191859718 T 11 3′ UTR 4 FGFBP3 chr10 93667293 A 15 3′ UTR 4 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118594 A 11 3′ UTR 4 FICD chr12 108913292 A 11 3′ UTR 4 FKBP2 chr11 64011554 A 10 3′ UTR 4 FKBP5 chr6 35554624 T 12 3′ UTR 4 FOXN2 chr2 48603079 T 10 3′ UTR 4 FOXO3 chr6 109004889 A 16 3′ UTR 4 FPGT chr1 74672686 T 9 3′ UTR 4 G3BP1 chr5 151184779 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GABRA4 chr4 46923150 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GABRB1 chr4 47428211 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GABRB2 chr5 160719907 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GADL1 chr3 30769514 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GAL3ST4 chr7 99757342 A 13 3′ UTR 4 GALNT1 chr18 33290437 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118420019 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GDAP2 chr1 118411744 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GJC1 chr17 42876925 A 14 3′ UTR 4 GNAI2 chr3 50296330 A 12 3′ UTR 4 GPR12 chr13 27330332 T 10 3′ UTR 4 GRAMD2 chr15 72452633 A 10 3′ UTR 4 GRIA4 chr11 105783203 A 11 3′ UTR 4 GRIK2 chr6 102517011 T 11 3′ UTR 4 GRIN2A chr16 9851215 T 15 3′ UTR 4 GRIN3A chr9 104331901 A 9 3′ UTR 4 GXYLT1 chr12 42477780 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HBEGF chr5 139713520 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HBS1L chr6 135357535 A 10 3′ UTR 4 HCCS chrX 11140989 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HIF3A chr19 46843765 T 12 3′ UTR 4 HLCS chr21 38123320 A 11 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPA3 chr2 178088125 A 12 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPH2 chrX 100668932 T 13 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPR chr1 23636874 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HNRNPU chr1 245014280 T 11 3′ UTR 4 HOOK3 chr8 42876247 A 29 3′ UTR 4 HSDL1 chr16 84155968 T 13 3′ UTR 4 HSPA9 chr5 137891047 A 13 3′ UTR 4 HTR2A chr13 47408902 T 11 3′ UTR 4 IGDCC4 chr15 65674432 A 12 3′ UTR 4 IGF1 chr12 102790988 A 11 3′ UTR 4 IKZF2 chr2 213869993 A 11 3′ UTR 4 IPO9 chr1 201847055 A 12 3′ UTR 4 IRGQ chr19 44094353 A 11 3′ UTR 4 KBTBD7 chr13 41766026 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KCNH3 chr12 49952059 A 12 3′ UTR 4 KCNK2 chr1 215408898 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KDELR2 chr7 6501817 A 10 3′ UTR 4 KDM5A chr12 393489 T 12 3′ UTR 4 KDM5A chr12 393295 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KDSR chr18 60998042 T 15 3′ UTR 4 KHSRP chr19 6413651 T 10 3′ UTR 4 KIAA0494 chr1 47142711 T 9 3′ UTR 4 KIAA1267 chr17 44107738 A 9 3′ UTR 4 KIAA1324 chr1 109749368 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KIAA1324 chr1 109748644 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KIAA1586 chr6 56919727 T 12 3′ UTR 4 KIAA1737 chr14 77582032 T 14 3′ UTR 4 KIAA2026 chr9 5919249 T 11 3′ UTR 4 KIF1B chr1 10438932 T 10 3′ UTR 4 LATS2 chr13 21548562 T 13 3′ UTR 4 LATS2 chr13 21547830 A 9 3′ UTR 4 LBR chr1 225590887 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LCOR chr10 98715988 T 9 3′ UTR 4 LCORL chr4 17882781 T 11 3′ UTR 4 LHFP chr13 39917691 A 12 3′ UTR 4 LIN7C chr11 27517703 A 14 3′ UTR 4 LLGL1 chr17 18147555 T 14 3′ UTR 4 LMNB2 chr19 2428236 A 10 3′ UTR 4 LMO4 chr1 87811174 A 11 3′ UTR 4 LRRC27 chr10 134193076 T 9 3′ UTR 4 LTN1 chr21 30301899 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MAGEB18 chrX 26158459 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MAP3K7 chr6 91225524 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MAP6 chr11 75316787 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MAP6 chr11 75315642 T 10 3′ UTR 4 1/mrt chr4 164446860 T 9 3′ UTR 4 MAX chr14 65543065 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MCTS1 chrX 119754487 A 14 3′ UTR 4 MDM2 chr12 69233886 T 11 3′ UTR 4 MED19 chr11 57471199 T 13 3′ UTR 4 METAP2 chr12 95908545 A 11 3′ UTR 4 MIER3 chr5 56216451 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MKL1 chr22 40806781 C 9 3′ UTR 4 MKLN1 chr7 131181200 T 10 3′ UTR 4 MKX chr10 27962805 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MMAA chr4 146578529 T 9 3′ UTR 4 MNT chr17 2287533 T 13 3′ UTR 4 MOBKL1A chr4 71853812 T 13 3′ UTR 4 MORC1 chr3 108677146 A 10 3′ UTR 4 MOSPD1 chrX 134022551 A 9 3′ UTR 4 MSI1 chr12 120779455 A 14 3′ UTR 4 MTF1 chr1 38278949 A 11 3′ UTR 4 NCEH1 chr3 172349171 T 12 3′ UTR 4 NCOA3 chr20 46282984 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NCOA5 chr20 44689693 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NFIB chr9 14082769 A 14 3′ UTR 4 NKAIN2 chr6 125146684 T 9 3′ UTR 4 NMNAT1 chr1 10044969 T 8 3′ UTR 4 NPC2 chr14 74946724 A 10 3′ UTR 4 NPNT chr4 106890724 T 10 3′ UTR 4 NPR3 chr5 32786465 T 11 3′ UTR 4 NR2F2 chr15 96882212 G 8 3′ UTR 4 NUFIP2 chr17 27584536 T 12 3′ UTR 4 OGFOD1 chr16 56510333 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ONECUT2 chr18 55144549 A 11 3′ UTR 4 OSBP chr11 59341900 T 12 3′ UTR 4 OSBP2 chr22 31302451 T 10 3′ UTR 4 OTUB2 chr14 94512841 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PABPC5 chrX 90691818 T 9 3′ UTR 4 PAPOLA chr14 97033430 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PAPSS2 chr10 89506162 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PAQR7 chr1 26188503 A 31 3′ UTR 4 PCDHB3 chr5 140482943 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PCM1 chr8 17886665 A 26 3′ UTR 4 PCSK2 chr20 17463028 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PDE4D chr5 58266735 A 15 3′ UTR 4 PDPK1 chr16 2653089 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PELI2 chr14 56764821 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PGR chr11 100902321 T 15 3′ UTR 4 PHKB chr16 47734578 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PHLDA1 chr12 76421757 T 12 3′ UTR 4 PIGM chr1 159997525 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PIM1 chr6 37143155 T 11 3′ UTR 4 PIM2 chrX 48770831 A 20 3′ UTR 4 PKD2 chr4 88998190 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PKP4 chr2 159537312 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PLCB1 chr20 8863118 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PLEKHA6 chr1 204190022 A 13 3′ UTR 4 PNPT1 chr2 55861395 T 16 3′ UTR 4 POLH chr6 43586698 G 10 3′ UTR 4 POP1 chr8 99172000 A 12 3′ UTR 4 PPARGC1B chr5 149227267 A 14 3′ UTR 4 PPIC chr5 122359467 A 12 3′ UTR 4 PPP1R10 chr6 30568234 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PRDM1 chr6 106557171 T 10 3′ UTR 4 PRPF40A chr2 153509691 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PSMD5 chr9 123578376 A 10 3′ UTR 4 PTCD3 chr2 86366926 A 11 3′ UTR 4 PTPN18 chr2 131131908 T 14 3′ UTR 4 PTPRJ chr11 48189153 T 13 3′ UTR 4 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119766677 A 16 3′ UTR 4 RAB11FIP2 chr10 119765266 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB22A chr20 56941068 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RAB39B chrX 154488466 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RAB8B chr15 63559206 T 12 3′ UTR 4 RALYL chr8 85833388 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RANBP10 chr16 67757024 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RAP2B chr3 152883481 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RAP2B chr3 152883395 T 12 3′ UTR 4 RAPH1 chr2 204300244 A 12 3′ UTR 4 RBM12B chr8 94744118 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RBM15B chr3 51431679 T 11 3′ UTR 4 RBMS3 chr3 30045473 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RBMXL1 chr1 89446107 T 14 3′ UTR 4 RCOR3 chr1 211487676 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RDX chr11 110102325 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RGS18 chr1 192154126 T 8 3′ UTR 4 RGS6 chr14 73030606 A 11 3′ UTR 4 RNF41 chr12 56599353 G 10 3′ UTR 4 RP1 chr8 55543160 T 14 3′ UTR 4 RPL27A chr11 8711061 A 13 3′ UTR 4 RPP14 chr3 58304719 A 14 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150447772 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RPRD2 chr1 150446032 A 23 3′ UTR 4 RPS6KA2 chr6 166824706 T 13 3′ UTR 4 RPS6KB1 chr17 58024908 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RRAGD chr6 90077647 T 12 3′ UTR 4 RRM2 chr2 10269544 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RRP15 chr1 218506526 A 10 3′ UTR 4 RTF1 chr15 41775015 T 10 3′ UTR 4 RUFY3 chr4 71655520 A 12 3′ UTR 4 RUNDC3B chr7 87459581 A 13 3′ UTR 4 SAR1A chr10 71910315 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SATB2 chr2 200135086 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SCAI chr9 127706579 T 16 3′ UTR 4 SCUBE3 chr6 35216591 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SDC4 chr20 43955023 A 24 3′ UTR 4 SDC4 chr20 43954848 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SELT chr3 150345688 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SENP5 chr3 196660478 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SERPINE1 chr7 100781987 G 8 3′ UTR 4 SFXN1 chr5 174954918 T 22 3′ UTR 4 SGK3 chr8 67772690 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SHANK2 chr11 70317369 A 12 3′ UTR 4 SHCBP1 chr16 46614658 T 14 3′ UTR 4 SHOX2 chr3 157814199 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SIX1 chr14 61111921 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SLC17A5 chr6 74303467 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC25A20 chr3 48894565 A 12 3′ UTR 4 SLC2A12 chr6 134312045 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SLC2A2 chr3 170715683 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC35F1 chr6 118636596 T 24 3′ UTR 4 SLC36A4 chr11 92881233 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A17 chr1 110743671 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A4 chr17 28523382 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A6 chr3 14530419 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SLC6A6 chr3 14526824 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SMAD5 chr5 135517921 A 14 3′ UTR 4 SMAD5 chr5 135515014 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SMAD7 chr18 46447623 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SMEK1 chr14 91924425 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SMS chrX 22012649 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SORL1 chr11 121500400 A 14 3′ UTR 4 SOST chr17 41831941 T 10 3′ UTR 4 SOST chr17 41831361 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SOX1 chr13 112724861 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SOX11 chr2 5834918 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SPIRE1 chr18 12449300 T 11 3′ UTR 4 SPRED1 chr15 38648129 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SPTLC2 chr14 77975645 A 11 3′ UTR 4 SRCIN1 chr17 36687785 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SRGAP1 chr12 64537560 A 14 3′ UTR 4 SRGAP2 chr1 206636489 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SS18 chr18 23596687 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ST3GAL5 chr2 86067101 A 9 3′ UTR 4 STEAP3 chr2 120023163 T 12 3′ UTR 4 STK11 chr19 1228058 T 11 3′ UTR 4 STX12 chr1 28150575 T 10 3′ UTR 4 STX3 chr11 59569295 A 11 3′ UTR 4 STX6 chr1 180945093 A 9 3′ UTR 4 SUZ12 chr17 30326763 T 12 3′ UTR 4 SYNJ2BP chr14 70834868 A 10 3′ UTR 4 SYT11 chr1 155851834 T 12 3′ UTR 4 TAF8 chr6 42045495 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TCF20 chr22 42556646 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TCF4 chr18 52894479 A 13 3′ UTR 4 TCF4 chr18 52891868 A 11 3′ UTR 4 TCP11L1 chr11 33094799 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TFAP2B chr6 50814900 A 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM119 chr12 108984472 A 11 3′ UTR 4 TMEM14C chr6 10731011 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TMEM14E chr3 152058228 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM201 chr1 9674449 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TMEM213 chr7 138490613 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TMEM64 chr8 91637753 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TMOD3 chr15 52201130 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TNFAIP8 chr5 118729618 A 10 3′ UTR 4 TNIP3 chr4 122052756 T 22 3′ UTR 4 TNRC6B chr22 40724536 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TOPORS chr9 32541245 A 10 3′ UTR 4 TOR1AIP1 chr1 179888400 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TP53INP1 chr8 95941646 A 13 3′ UTR 4 TRIM56 chr7 100733606 A 9 3′ UTR 4 TRIM66 chr11 8636480 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TRIP10 chr19 6751495 A 12 3′ UTR 4 TRPM1 chr15 31293995 A 11 3′ UTR 4 TRRAP chr7 98610830 T 11 3′ UTR 4 TSC22D2 chr3 150177375 T 13 3′ UTR 4 TTC30B chr2 178415366 T 10 3′ UTR 4 TTC39C chr18 21715264 T 11 3′ UTR 4 UBASH3B chr11 122681008 T 13 3′ UTR 4 UBE2G1 chr17 4173433 A 10 3′ UTR 4 UBLCP1 chr5 158712401 A 11 3′ UTR 4 UBN2 chr7 138992059 T 9 3′ UTR 4 UBN2 chr7 138989574 T 10 3′ UTR 4 UGT8 chr4 115598050 T 11 3′ UTR 4 UGT8 chr4 115598017 A 12 3′ UTR 4 USP43 chr17 9632427 T 13 3′ UTR 4 UTP15 chr5 72876582 T 12 3′ UTR 4 VAX1 chr10 118893337 A 10 3′ UTR 4 WDR17 chr4 177100754 T 11 3′ UTR 4 WDTC1 chr1 27633121 C 9 3′ UTR 4 WNK3 chrX 54224160 A 16 3′ UTR 4 WSB1 chr17 25640066 A 15 3′ UTR 4 WSB2 chr12 118470668 T 10 3′ UTR 4 XKR6 chr8 10755309 T 10 3′ UTR 4 XKR7 chr20 30585884 G 10 3′ UTR 4 XYLT1 chr16 17199280 T 8 3′ UTR 4 ZADH2 chr18 72910475 T 13 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB34 chr9 129646763 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB38 chr3 141164925 A 14 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB41 chr1 197124441 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZBTB7A chr19 4046340 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZC3HAV1L chr7 138711008 A 11 3′ UTR 4 ZCCHC2 chr18 60244188 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZDBF2 chr2 207177005 T 8 3′ UTR 4 ZDHHC13 chr11 19197719 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZDHHC7 chr16 85009055 A 12 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L2 chr2 43450053 C 8 3′ UTR 4 ZFP36L2 chr2 43449809 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZNF154 chr19 58212530 A 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF238 chr1 244219033 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF24 chr18 32917176 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF287 chr17 16454419 T 9 3′ UTR 4 ZNF322A chr6 26636980 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF395 chr8 28205776 T 27 3′ UTR 4 ZNF451 chr6 57033558 A 8 3′ UTR 4 ZNF498 chr7 99229241 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF518B chr4 10442494 A 9 3′ UTR 4 ZNF527 chr19 37880936 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF572 chr8 125990551 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF578 chr19 53018984 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF585A chr19 37641928 T 11 3′ UTR 4 ZNF594 chr17 5084035 A 10 3′ UTR 4 ZNF658 chr9 40771887 T 12 3′ UTR 4 ZNF740 chr12 53584463 T 14 3′ UTR 3 AASDHPPT chr11 105967764 A 11 3′ UTR 3 ABI2 chr2 204292194 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ACOX1 chr17 73941980 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ACTBL2 chr5 56777006 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ACVR1C chr2 158390343 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ACVR2A chr2 148687300 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ADAMTS18 chr16 77316279 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ADAMTSL5 chr19 1505368 A 13 3′ UTR 3 ADRA1D chr20 4201344 T 10 3′ UTR 3 AFF1 chr4 88057269 T 11 3′ UTR 3 AFF2 chrX 148080911 A 8 3′ UTR 3 AFF2 chrX 148080284 T 10 3′ UTR 3 AGMAT chr1 15899314 T 18 3′ UTR 3 AGPAT5 chr8 6617153 A 11 3′ UTR 3 AGR2 chr7 16832295 T 11 3′ UTR 3 AHCTF1 chr1 247002534 A 7 3′ UTR 3 AK5 chr1 78025528 T 13 3′ UTR 3 AKAP11 chr13 42896913 T 9 3′ UTR 3 AKAP5 chr14 64940497 A 9 3′ UTR 3 AKAP8 chr19 15465362 A 11 3′ UTR 3 AKAP8 chr19 15465302 A 9 3′ UTR 3 AKIRIN2 chr6 88384713 A 11 3′ UTR 3 AKT2 chr19 40736623 T 14 3′ UTR 3 ALS2CR8 chr2 203849779 A 14 3′ UTR 3 ANKH chr5 14711208 A 8 3′ UTR 3 ANKH chr5 14705393 A 13 3′ UTR 3 ANKRD12 chr18 9282855 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ANKRD13B chr17 27941253 T 19 3′ UTR 3 ANKRD13C chr1 70727638 A 12 3′ UTR 3 ANKS1B chr12 99138573 T 13 3′ UTR 3 ARCN1 chr11 118473732 T 8 3′ UTR 3 ARHGAP12 chr10 32096465 A 9 3′ UTR 3 ARHGAP42 chr11 100859972 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ARID1B chr6 157530011 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ARID5B chr10 63855130 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ARIH1 chr15 72877867 A 12 3′ UTR 3 ARL2BP chr16 57287376 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ARL8A chr1 202102526 C 8 3′ UTR 3 ARMC8 chr3 137964255 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ARPP21 chr3 35726292 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ASB8 chr12 48541711 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ASPHD2 chr22 26840193 T 13 3′ UTR 3 ASPRV1 chr2 70187727 C 8 3′ UTR 3 ATP11C chrX 138809822 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ATP1B2 chr17 7560698 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ATP2A2 chr12 110786506 A 9 3′ UTR 3 ATP6V0D1 chr16 67472221 G 9 3′ UTR 3 ATP6V1G1 chr9 117360666 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ATRX chrX 76762662 A 10 3′ UTR 3 AUTS2 chr7 70257601 T 15 3′ UTR 3 AXIN1 chr16 337827 G 9 3′ UTR 3 BAG1 chr9 33254142 T 20 3′ UTR 3 BCL11A chr2 60685168 T 10 3′ UTR 3 BCL11B chr14 99638830 A 9 3′ UTR 3 BCL11B chr14 99637754 T 10 3′ UTR 3 BEND4 chr4 42114856 A 10 3′ UTR 3 BFAR chr16 14762692 A 16 3′ UTR 3 BLOC1S2 chr10 102035182 A 10 3′ UTR 3 BMP7 chr20 55744815 T 10 3′ UTR 3 BMPR2 chr2 203426266 T 8 3′ UTR 3 BOD1L chr4 13571144 A 10 3′ UTR 3 BRAF chr7 140434294 A 9 3′ UTR 3 C11orf41 chr11 33690228 T 8 3′ UTR 3 C11orf58 chr11 16777810 T 24 3′ UTR 3 C12orf5 chr12 4463524 T 10 3′ UTR 3 C12orf66 chr12 64587315 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C12orf76 chr12 110479725 A 11 3′ UTR 3 C14orf101 chr14 57116192 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C14orf126 chr14 31917025 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C14orf28 chr14 45376124 A 12 3′ UTR 3 C16orf45 chr16 15680717 C 9 3′ UTR 3 C16orf52 chr16 22092814 A 15 3′ UTR 3 C18orf25 chr18 43846502 A 9 3′ UTR 3 C18orf25 chr18 43844098 A 9 3′ UTR 3 C2orf18 chr2 27001810 T 13 3′ UTR 3 C2orf29 chr2 101886150 T 10 3′ UTR 3 C3orf63 chr3 56657045 A 9 3′ UTR 3 C3orf70 chr3 184795851 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C5orf41 chr5 172563230 A 11 3′ UTR 3 C6orf106 chr6 34558017 T 7 3′ UTR 3 C6orf62 chr6 24705738 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C7orf68 chr7 128097963 A 10 3′ UTR 3 C7orf69 chr7 47859241 A 11 3′ UTR 3 C8orf48 chr8 13425580 T 9 3′ UTR 3 C8orf85 chr8 117955238 A 22 3′ UTR 3 C9orf167 chr9 140176659 T 10 3′ UTR 3 C9orf66 chr9 214453 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CA12 chr15 63616886 T 19 3′ UTR 3 CABLES2 chr20 60965113 A 10 3′ UTR 3 CABP4 chr11 67226510 T 14 3′ UTR 3 CAMKK2 chr12 121678327 T 13 3′ UTR 3 CAPRIN1 chr11 34121880 T 8 3′ UTR 3 CASP2 chr7 143003342 T 25 3′ UTR 3 CBFB chr16 67133322 T 14 3′ UTR 3 CBL chr11 119172610 A 10 3′ UTR 3 CBX5 chr12 54630019 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CBY1 chr22 39069285 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CCDC67 chr11 93170909 C 9 3′ UTR 3 CCDC8 chr19 46914112 T 12 3′ UTR 3 CCNL2 chr1 1327869 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CD59 chr11 33728097 A 21 3′ UTR 3 CD96 chr3 111368930 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CDH13 chr16 83828683 A 11 3′ UTR 3 CDH2 chr18 25531057 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CDH2 chr18 25531044 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CDH3 chr16 68732679 T 11 3′ UTR 3 CDKN1C chr11 2904845 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CELF1 chr11 47490243 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CELSR2 chr1 109816863 C 8 3′ UTR 3 CEP164 chr11 117283967 T 11 3′ UTR 3 CHD1 chr5 98191372 T 13 3′ UTR 3 CHP chr15 41572703 T 27 3′ UTR 3 CIB2 chr15 78397503 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CKAP4 chr12 106632374 A 10 3′ UTR 3 CLCN5 chrX 49858223 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CLDN14 chr21 37833059 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CLIC5 chr6 45868268 A 11 3′ UTR 3 CLMN chr14 95650666 A 8 3′ UTR 3 CMTM8 chr3 32411483 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CNNM1 chr10 101153279 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CNNM3 chr2 97499281 A 12 3′ UTR 3 CNST chr1 246830426 A 10 3′ UTR 3 COL8A2 chr1 36561052 A 10 3′ UTR 3 COQ10B chr2 198339541 T 17 3′ UTR 3 COQ2 chr4 84185003 A 8 3′ UTR 3 COX16 chr14 70793015 A 14 3′ UTR 3 CPD chr17 28792026 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CPEB2 chr4 15070967 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CPSF2 chr14 92629266 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CR1 chr1 207813472 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CREB1 chr2 208464929 G 8 3′ UTR 3 CREBBP chr16 3776240 G 10 3′ UTR 3 CRLF3 chr17 29111121 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CRTC1 chr19 18890340 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CSMD3 chr8 113236641 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CSNK1A1 chr5 148875717 T 9 3′ UTR 3 CSNK1G1 chr15 64461432 T 12 3′ UTR 3 CSNK1G1 chr15 64461259 A 9 3′ UTR 3 CTIF chr18 46388423 T 10 3′ UTR 3 CTNNA2 chr2 80875614 T 7 3′ UTR 3 CX3CR1 chr3 39305465 A 8 3′ UTR 3 CYP17A1 chr10 104590293 A 11 3′ UTR 3 CYP1B1 chr2 38296985 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DBT chr1 100653256 T 17 3′ UTR 3 DCAF7 chr17 61668717 A 9 3′ UTR 3 DCUN1D3 chr16 20870892 A 10 3′ UTR 3 DDHD1 chr14 53513329 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DDHD2 chr8 38119445 T 7 3′ UTR 3 DDX18 chr2 118589332 A 9 3′ UTR 3 DDX3X chrX 41207099 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DDX6 chr11 118620973 A 10 3′ UTR 3 DFFA chr1 10521379 A 10 3′ UTR 3 DFFB chr1 3801133 T 11 3′ UTR 3 DGKG chr3 185866704 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DHTKD1 chr10 12163218 A 19 3′ UTR 3 DLG3 chrX 69723685 C 8 3′ UTR 3 DLG3 chrX 69723447 T 13 3′ UTR 3 DNAJC17 chr15 41060070 A 14 3′ UTR 3 DNAL1 chr14 74166011 T 15 3′ UTR 3 DNM3 chr1 172380678 A 15 3′ UTR 3 DPF3 chr14 73137761 A 8 3′ UTR 3 DPP4 chr2 162849045 T 9 3′ UTR 3 DPY19L4 chr8 95802923 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DPYSL2 chr8 26515559 T 10 3′ UTR 3 DSTYK chr1 205115701 T 16 3′ UTR 3 DSTYK chr1 205112278 T 14 3′ UTR 3 DUT chr15 48634591 A 10 3′ UTR 3 DYNC1LI2 chr16 66757487 T 16 3′ UTR 3 DYNC1LI2 chr16 66755235 T 11 3′ UTR 3 E2F2 chr1 23834007 A 15 3′ UTR 3 EAPP chr14 34985335 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ECE1 chr1 21546032 A 10 3′ UTR 3 EFR3B chr2 25378726 T 13 3′ UTR 3 EIF2A chr3 150302798 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ELAVL1 chr19 8023995 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ELOVL6 chr4 110971043 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ENGASE chr17 77083686 G 10 3′ UTR 3 EPHA3 chr3 89529769 A 11 3′ UTR 3 EPHA7 chr6 93951343 A 9 3′ UTR 3 EPHB1 chr3 134978889 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ERBB4 chr2 212243952 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ERGIC2 chr12 29493585 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ERLIN2 chr8 37614867 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ESRRB chr14 76967818 G 8 3′ UTR 3 ETNK1 chr12 22839785 T 28 3′ UTR 3 FADS1 chr11 61567668 T 14 3′ UTR 3 FAM101B chr17 292360 T 10 3′ UTR 3 FAM105B chr5 14695377 T 9 3′ UTR 3 FAM117B chr2 203633341 T 10 3′ UTR 3 FAM126B chr2 201845397 G 7 3′ UTR 3 FAM160B1 chr10 116621715 A 9 3′ UTR 3 FAM19A4 chr3 68781684 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FAM20B chr1 179044326 A 13 3′ UTR 3 FBLIM1 chr1 16112130 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FBN2 chr5 127594650 A 8 3′ UTR 3 FBN2 chr5 127594063 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FBXO27 chr19 39515468 T 11 3′ UTR 3 FBXW2 chr9 123524089 A 12 3′ UTR 3 FECH chr18 55215482 A 15 3′ UTR 3 FERMT1 chr20 6055696 T 15 3′ UTR 3 FGD1 chrX 54471920 A 13 3′ UTR 3 FGD4 chr12 32798227 T 12 3′ UTR 3 FGD6 chr12 95470673 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FGFR1OP2 chr12 27118562 T 10 3′ UTR 3 FLCN chr17 17116100 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FLCN chr17 17115789 A 26 3′ UTR 3 FMNL3 chr12 50038887 A 25 3′ UTR 3 FMNL3 chr12 50033467 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FNDC3B chr3 172117183 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FOXJ2 chr12 8208083 A 13 3′ UTR 3 FOXK1 chr7 4809074 T 13 3′ UTR 3 FOXO1 chr13 41132503 A 9 3′ UTR 3 FOXP1 chr3 71007462 T 10 3′ UTR 3 FOXP1 chr3 71005883 T 41 3′ UTR 3 FTSJD1 chr16 71317151 A 10 3′ UTR 3 FUT8 chr14 66209673 T 13 3′ UTR 3 FZD7 chr2 202902385 A 11 3′ UTR 3 GAPVD1 chr9 128127210 T 10 3′ UTR 3 GATAD2B chr1 153781275 A 20 3′ UTR 3 GCNT1 chr9 79119829 T 11 3′ UTR 3 GDAP2 chr1 118408218 A 10 3′ UTR 3 GFPT1 chr2 69549530 A 9 3′ UTR 3 GIPC2 chr1 78601920 T 9 3′ UTR 3 GIT1 chr17 27901146 A 12 3′ UTR 3 GLCCI1 chr7 8127832 T 11 3′ UTR 3 GLT25D2 chr1 183905658 A 10 3′ UTR 3 GNA13 chr17 63005677 A 10 3′ UTR 3 GNPNAT1 chr14 53242966 A 11 3′ UTR 3 GOLGA2 chr9 131018793 T 14 3′ UTR 3 GOLPH3L chr1 150619971 A 15 3′ UTR 3 GPM6A chr4 176555451 T 10 3′ UTR 3 GPR155 chr2 175299037 T 13 3′ UTR 3 GPR180 chr13 95279582 A 8 3′ UTR 3 GPR37L1 chr1 202098133 T 21 3′ UTR 3 GPRC5A chr12 13065679 T 13 3′ UTR 3 GPX8 chr5 54460112 T 10 3′ UTR 3 GRAMD3 chr5 125829168 T 10 3′ UTR 3 GRB2 chr17 73314260 T 10 3′ UTR 3 GRID1 chr10 87359476 T 11 3′ UTR 3 GSK3B chr3 119544323 A 9 3′ UTR 3 GTF2A2 chr15 59930716 T 7 3′ UTR 3 GTF2H5 chr6 158615020 A 21 3′ UTR 3 GTF2H5 chr6 158614314 A 10 3′ UTR 3 H2AFX chr11 118964586 A 10 3′ UTR 3 H2AFY chr5 134670602 T 10 3′ UTR 3 HAPLN1 chr5 82937251 A 10 3′ UTR 3 HCN1 chr5 45260992 T 9 3′ UTR 3 HELZ chr17 65067696 T 8 3′ UTR 3 HEPHL1 chr11 93846820 T 9 3′ UTR 3 HEY2 chr6 126081692 T 10 3′ UTR 3 HIAT1 chr1 100548278 A 11 3′ UTR 3 HIPK1 chr1 114518139 T 9 3′ UTR 3 HMGN2 chr1 26801737 T 15 3′ UTR 3 HNRNPA3 chr2 178087793 A 11 3′ UTR 3 HNRNPK chr9 86584095 C 9 3′ UTR 3 HNRNPK chr9 86583800 A 10 3′ UTR 3 HOMEZ chr14 23744114 A 14 3′ UTR 3 HOOK1 chr1 60338642 A 8 3′ UTR 3 HOXB3 chr17 46627000 A 9 3′ UTR 3 HOXC9 chr12 54396883 A 12 3′ UTR 3 HP1BP3 chr1 21070971 A 10 3′ UTR 3 HRH1 chr3 11303522 A 11 3′ UTR 3 HS2ST1 chr1 87575244 T 10 3′ UTR 3 HS3ST5 chr6 114376959 A 10 3′ UTR 3 HUNK chr21 33373431 A 9 3′ UTR 3 HUWE1 chrX 53559710 T 11 3′ UTR 3 HUWE1 chrX 53559518 A 12 3′ UTR 3 IFI6 chr1 27992800 A 23 3′ UTR 3 IFT81 chr12 110656332 T 9 3′ UTR 3 IGF2BP3 chr7 23350733 T 12 3′ UTR 3 IGF2BP3 chr7 23350408 T 10 3′ UTR 3 IGFBP5 chr2 217537045 T 14 3′ UTR 3 IKZF2 chr2 213865040 A 8 3′ UTR 3 IL7R chr5 35876844 A 10 3′ UTR 3 IMPG2 chr3 100945663 A 9 3′ UTR 3 INSC chr11 15267955 T 10 3′ UTR 3 INSR chr19 7112347 A 9 3′ UTR 3 INTS6 chr13 51937816 T 10 3′ UTR 3 IRS1 chr2 227600758 T 11 3′ UTR 3 IRS1 chr2 227596558 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ISL1 chr5 50690278 A 11 3′ UTR 3 ITGA4 chr2 182400811 T 8 3′ UTR 3 ITPRIPL1 chr2 96994050 A 10 3′ UTR 3 JAKMIP1 chr4 6055625 A 11 3′ UTR 3 JAM3 chr11 134020535 T 12 3′ UTR 3 JARID2 chr6 15520768 T 9 3′ UTR 3 KCTD1 chr18 24035448 T 12 3′ UTR 3 KIAA0182 chr16 85706942 A 10 3′ UTR 3 KIAA1456 chr8 12883488 A 9 3′ UTR 3 KIAA1671 chr22 25588892 T 9 3′ UTR 3 KIF1B chr1 10437995 A 13 3′ UTR 3 KLF12 chr13 74261703 T 11 3′ UTR 3 KLHL20 chr1 173754885 A 12 3′ UTR 3 KNDC1 chr10 135039706 T 8 3′ UTR 3 KPNA6 chr1 32639763 C 9 3′ UTR 3 KPNB1 chr17 45760525 T 12 3′ UTR 3 LARP4B chr10 856761 A 9 3′ UTR 3 LCA5 chr6 80194766 A 9 3′ UTR 3 LEF1 chr4 108969352 A 9 3′ UTR 3 LHFP chr13 39917881 T 8 3′ UTR 3 LIAS chr4 39478848 A 11 3′ UTR 3 LIMS1 chr2 109300693 A 10 3′ UTR 3 LIN7C chr11 27517538 A 10 3′ UTR 3 LMAN1 chr18 56995800 T 10 3′ UTR 3 LMAN1 chr18 56995128 A 10 3′ UTR 3 LMO4 chr1 87812341 A 10 3′ UTR 3 LMO4 chr1 87811634 A 9 3′ UTR 3 LMTK2 chr7 97837420 A 11 3′ UTR 3 LPL chr8 19823634 A 11 3′ UTR 3 LRCH2 chrX 114346112 T 10 3′ UTR 3 LRIF1 chr1 111489900 A 13 3′ UTR 3 LRP12 chr8 105502451 T 10 3′ UTR 3 LRRC14 chr8 145747418 T 9 3′ UTR 3 LSM1 chr8 38021012 A 10 3′ UTR 3 LUZP2 chr11 25102964 A 12 3′ UTR 3 LYN chr8 56923131 A 15 3′ UTR 3 LYRM7 chr5 130537006 A 12 3′ UTR 3 MAFB chr20 39314997 G 8 3′ UTR 3 MAFG chr17 79879435 T 12 3′ UTR 3 MAGI3 chr1 114227223 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MAP1B chr5 71505347 A 11 3′ UTR 3 MAP1B chr5 71502852 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MAP4 chr3 48016254 A 13 3′ UTR 3 MARK1 chr1 220837099 T 10 3′ UTR 3 MCM10 chr10 13252313 A 16 3′ UTR 3 MED1 chr17 37560884 A 9 3′ UTR 3 MEF2C chr5 88017643 A 7 3′ UTR 3 MEF2D chr1 156436092 A 9 3′ UTR 3 METTL8 chr2 172174950 T 8 3′ UTR 3 MFN2 chr1 12073251 A 11 3′ UTR 3 MGAT4A chr2 99236361 T 10 3′ UTR 3 MIER3 chr5 56216276 A 9 3′ UTR 3 MKLN1 chr7 131176677 A 9 3′ UTR 3 MKRN3 chr15 23812682 T 8 3′ UTR 3 MLEC chr12 121138251 T 11 3′ UTR 3 MMP2 chr16 55539895 T 10 3′ UTR 3 MOBKL1A chr4 71851985 T 9 3′ UTR 3 MPP7 chr10 28341712 T 9 3′ UTR 3 MRPL2 chr6 43021910 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MRPL44 chr2 224831951 T 11 3′ UTR 3 MRPS10 chr6 42175651 A 9 3′ UTR 3 MTAP chr9 21862262 A 9 3′ UTR 3 MTHFR chr1 11846483 T 10 3′ UTR 3 MTMR3 chr22 30422037 T 14 3′ UTR 3 MTMR6 chr13 25821349 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MXD1 chr2 70166270 T 6 3′ UTR 3 MYBL1 chr8 67476407 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MYCL1 chr1 40361307 A 10 3′ UTR 3 MYCN chr2 16086264 T 10 3′ UTR 3 MYEF2 chr15 48434757 A 6 3′ UTR 3 MYLK chr3 123332875 T 16 3′ UTR 3 NAA38 chr7 117832209 A 9 3′ UTR 3 NAP1L1 chr12 76440268 A 11 3′ UTR 3 NAPEPLD chr7 102742595 A 10 3′ UTR 3 NAPG chr18 10551001 T 11 3′ UTR 3 NARG2 chr15 60715037 A 14 3′ UTR 3 NCCRP1 chr19 39691952 T 16 3′ UTR 3 NCS1 chr9 132996076 T 12 3′ UTR 3 NDFIP1 chr5 141533930 T 10 3′ UTR 3 NEBL chr10 21073429 A 9 3′ UTR 3 NEBL chr10 21072104 T 9 3′ UTR 3 NEURL1B chr5 172118507 A 7 3′ UTR 3 NFAM1 chr22 42776800 A 11 3′ UTR 3 NFAT5 chr16 69731363 A 10 3′ UTR 3 NFIB chr9 14087579 T 9 3′ UTR 3 NIPAL1 chr4 48038330 T 7 3′ UTR 3 NIPAL3 chr1 24798068 A 20 3′ UTR 3 NKAIN4 chr20 61872616 T 12 3′ UTR 3 NLGN4X chrX 5808268 T 11 3′ UTR 3 NPLOC4 chr17 79525610 A 9 3′ UTR 3 NR3C1 chr5 142657694 T 9 3′ UTR 3 NSL1 chr1 212911280 A 9 3′ UTR 3 NT5C1B chr2 18744332 T 14 3′ UTR 3 NUCKS1 chr1 205687213 A 19 3′ UTR 3 NUFIP2 chr17 27585085 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ODZ4 chr11 78367062 T 9 3′ UTR 3 OGFOD1 chr16 56510316 A 11 3′ UTR 3 OLFM3 chr1 102269548 T 11 3′ UTR 3 OMA1 chr1 58946539 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ONECUT2 chr18 55153928 T 7 3′ UTR 3 OPA3 chr19 46052745 T 12 3′ UTR 3 OSBPL3 chr7 24837354 A 10 3′ UTR 3 OTUD4 chr4 146058513 T 8 3′ UTR 3 OTUD4 chr4 146057615 G 13 3′ UTR 3 OTUD7B chr1 149914740 A 10 3′ UTR 3 OXR1 chr8 107764239 A 10 3′ UTR 3 OXR1 chr8 107764095 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PAICS chr4 57327144 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PAK1IP1 chr6 10709747 T 12 3′ UTR 3 PALM2 chr9 112706843 A 11 3′ UTR 3 PAPD5 chr16 50264179 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PAPD5 chr16 50263692 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PAPD5 chr16 50263454 A 8 3′ UTR 3 PBRM1 chr3 52579628 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PCDH7 chr4 31146675 T 12 3′ UTR 3 PCDH7 chr4 31144759 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PCLO chr7 82451412 T 12 3′ UTR 3 PCLO chr7 82383474 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PCNP chr3 101312474 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PCNP chr3 101312179 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PCYOX1L chr5 148748459 T 8 3′ UTR 3 PDCL chr9 125581889 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PDCL chr9 125581558 A 13 3′ UTR 3 PDGFA chr7 537622 A 11 3′ UTR 3 PDGFA chr7 536908 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PEX6 chr6 42931666 C 7 3′ UTR 3 PFN1 chr17 4848972 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PGPEP1 chr19 18477965 A 20 3′ UTR 3 PHTF2 chr7 77586547 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PIGM chr1 159998080 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PIGW chr17 34894609 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PIK3R1 chr5 67595054 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PIP5K1A chr1 151220867 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PKN2 chr1 89301773 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PLA2G12A chr4 110633665 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PLCL1 chr2 199013907 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PLCXD3 chr5 41307606 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PLK2 chr5 57749858 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PLXDC2 chr10 20569078 A 10 3′ UTR 3 POLH chr6 43584323 A 14 3′ UTR 3 POU2F2 chr19 42595122 T 14 3′ UTR 3 PPAP2B chr1 56962088 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PPAT chr4 57261372 A 12 3′ UTR 3 PPM1E chr17 57060351 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PPP1R3A chr7 113517422 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PPP3CA chr4 101946069 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PPPDE1 chr1 244869241 A 12 3′ UTR 3 PRELP chr1 203457654 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PRKCB chr16 24226979 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PRKCE chr2 46414854 A 12 3′ UTR 3 PRKD3 chr2 37477691 A 9 3′ UTR 3 PRPF40A chr2 153512705 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PRRC2B chr9 134374365 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PRRG1 chrX 37313537 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PTCD3 chr2 86365336 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PTCH1 chr9 98208010 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PTGS2 chr1 186642025 T 9 3′ UTR 3 PTP4A1 chr6 64292097 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PTP4A2 chr1 32374021 A 10 3′ UTR 3 PTPN22 chr1 114357118 T 10 3′ UTR 3 PTPRF chr1 44088117 T 11 3′ UTR 3 PUM1 chr1 31405680 T 10 3′ UTR 3 QKI chr6 163985925 T 8 3′ UTR 3 QRICH1 chr3 49067797 A 11 3′ UTR 3 RAB18 chr10 27827928 A 8 3′ UTR 3 RAB36 chr22 23505793 C 10 3′ UTR 3 RAB3GAP2 chr1 220324482 A 9 3′ UTR 3 RAB3IP chr12 70214638 A 17 3′ UTR 3 RAB3IP chr12 70211224 A 11 3′ UTR 3 RAB7L1 chr1 205738564 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RAB8A chr19 16244263 T 13 3′ UTR 3 RAB8B chr15 63557574 T 13 3′ UTR 3 RAD23B chr9 110092642 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RAP2B chr3 152881852 T 12 3′ UTR 3 RASGRP4 chr19 38900377 A 11 3′ UTR 3 RBL1 chr20 35632028 A 13 3′ UTR 3 RBM12B chr8 94745547 A 10 3′ UTR 3 RBM12B chr8 94745279 A 10 3′ UTR 3 RBM38 chr20 55983973 G 8 3′ UTR 3 RC3H1 chr1 173905652 A 25 3′ UTR 3 RCC2 chr1 17734207 A 10 3′ UTR 3 RCN1 chr11 32126284 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RFT1 chr3 53125729 C 8 3′ UTR 3 RGS20 chr8 54871209 A 11 3′ UTR 3 RHOB chr2 20648933 T 12 3′ UTR 3 RHOBTB3 chr5 95129188 A 12 3′ UTR 3 RIF1 chr2 152331769 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RIMBP2 chr12 130882589 A 11 3′ UTR 3 RIMS1 chr6 73111857 A 12 3′ UTR 3 RIMS2 chr8 105264755 A 14 3′ UTR 3 RNF152 chr18 59482618 A 10 3′ UTR 3 RNF2 chr1 185069838 T 9 3′ UTR 3 RNGTT chr6 89320667 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RORA chr15 60785852 T 11 3′ UTR 3 RPE65 chr1 68895273 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RPRD2 chr1 150445907 T 10 3′ UTR 3 RRP15 chr1 218506210 A 17 3′ UTR 3 RSBN1 chr1 114307995 A 8 3′ UTR 3 RSBN1L chr7 77408705 A 9 3′ UTR 3 RSL1D1 chr16 11930997 T 11 3′ UTR 3 S100A4 chr1 153516162 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SALL3 chr18 76757543 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SAMD4A chr14 55257700 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SARM1 chr17 26726913 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SASH1 chr6 148872287 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SASH1 chr6 148870950 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SATB1 chr3 18390227 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SBK1 chr16 28334644 A 13 3′ UTR 3 SCAI chr9 127707832 A 13 3′ UTR 3 SCAMP1 chr5 77772627 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SCN1A chr2 166846936 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SCO1 chr17 10583834 T 8 3′ UTR 3 SDR16C5 chr8 57212734 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SEH1L chr18 12986726 T 14 3′ UTR 3 SENP6 chr6 76425956 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SEPT11 chr4 77957803 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SETD1B chr12 122269303 T 9 3′ UTR 3 SFXN1 chr5 174954579 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SGK494 chr17 26937070 A 16 3′ UTR 3 SGOL2 chr2 201448283 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SH2B3 chr12 111887735 T 14 3′ UTR 3 SH3KBP1 chrX 19553810 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SHANK2 chr11 70315627 T 14 3′ UTR 3 SHISA2 chr13 26619921 A 11 3′ UTR 3 SHOC2 chr10 112773341 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SIK1 chr21 44835578 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698868 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SIPA1L3 chr19 38698671 T 17 3′ UTR 3 SIX4 chr14 61178202 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SKI chr1 2240043 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC12A6 chr15 34523172 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC14A1 chr18 43332169 A 8 3′ UTR 3 SLC15A2 chr3 121660272 T 11 3′ UTR 3 SLC16A1 chr1 113455427 A 13 3′ UTR 3 SLC16A10 chr6 111544547 T 9 3′ UTR 3 SLC16A4 chr1 110906247 A 19 3′ UTR 3 SLC17A6 chr11 22400904 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC22A5 chr5 131730903 T 17 3′ UTR 3 SLC25A36 chr3 140696772 A 11 3′ UTR 3 SLC31A1 chr9 116026594 A 14 3′ UTR 3 SLC35E1 chr19 16663158 T 11 3′ UTR 3 SLC35E3 chr12 69158739 A 12 3′ UTR 3 SLC38A1 chr12 46579255 T 9 3′ UTR 3 SLC38A1 chr12 46576941 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC39A9 chr14 69928356 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC4A10 chr2 162840706 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC6A15 chr12 85253350 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC6A6 chr3 14530588 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC7A11 chr4 139090880 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC7A14 chr3 170182342 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC7A6 chr16 68335452 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SLC9A6 chrX 135128103 T 11 3′ UTR 3 SMAD3 chr15 67485102 A 9 3′ UTR 3 SMAD4 chr18 48605007 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SMPDL3A chr6 123130673 T 11 3′ UTR 3 SMURF2 chr17 62541185 T 13 3′ UTR 3 SNAP23 chr15 42824292 T 14 3′ UTR 3 SNAPC3 chr9 15461137 A 13 3′ UTR 3 SNX30 chr9 115632450 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SOCS3 chr17 76353185 C 9 3′ UTR 3 SOX1 chr13 112725171 C 9 3′ UTR 3 SOX1 chr13 112724720 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SOX11 chr2 5834751 T 9 3′ UTR 3 SPATS2 chr12 49921053 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SPATS2L chr2 201343614 T 12 3′ UTR 3 SPCS3 chr4 177250844 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SPTBN1 chr2 54898095 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SRRM2 chr16 2821013 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SRRM4 chr12 119599690 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SRRM4 chr12 119596858 T 9 3′ UTR 3 SSBP3 chr1 54692340 T 15 3′ UTR 3 SSR3 chr3 156259169 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ST7L chr1 113066620 A 11 3′ UTR 3 STC2 chr5 172744019 T 12 3′ UTR 3 STK17B chr2 197000501 A 23 3′ UTR 3 STK4 chr20 43708275 A 10 3′ UTR 3 STRN3 chr14 31364300 A 11 3′ UTR 3 SUSD5 chr3 33193040 T 10 3′ UTR 3 SYNJ2 chr6 158519568 A 14 3′ UTR 3 SYNRG chr17 35879008 A 10 3′ UTR 3 SYT13 chr11 45264120 A 9 3′ UTR 3 TACC1 chr8 38706479 T 15 3′ UTR 3 TAF12 chr1 28929961 A 11 3′ UTR 3 TBC1D8B chrX 106118337 A 13 3′ UTR 3 TBL1X chrX 9684635 A 9 3′ UTR 3 TBX18 chr6 85445736 A 11 3′ UTR 3 TFAP2B chr6 50814917 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TFCP2L1 chr2 121975868 T 11 3′ UTR 3 TGOLN2 chr2 85549225 T 9 3′ UTR 3 THAP2 chr12 72073229 T 10 3′ UTR 3 THSD7A chr7 11411520 T 10 3′ UTR 3 TIA1 chr2 70439448 T 11 3′ UTR 3 TIAL1 chr10 121335156 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TIGD5 chr8 144682449 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TLCD2 chr17 1609267 T 12 3′ UTR 3 TLCD2 chr17 1608003 T 11 3′ UTR 3 TLL1 chr4 167022770 T 8 3′ UTR 3 TLL2 chr10 98124863 A 11 3′ UTR 3 TMBIM4 chr12 66531178 T 16 3′ UTR 3 TMEM169 chr2 216966376 T 10 3′ UTR 3 TMEM192 chr4 165997961 T 10 3′ UTR 3 TMEM194B chr2 191372383 A 10 3′ UTR 3 TMEM86A chr11 18725436 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TMSL3 chr4 91759710 A 10 3′ UTR 3 TMTC1 chr12 29656466 A 8 3′ UTR 3 TNFRSF11B chr8 119936330 T 12 3′ UTR 3 TNFRSF9 chr1 7980708 A 15 3′ UTR 3 TNRC18 chr7 5346838 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TNRC6C chr17 76104332 C 9 3′ UTR 3 TNRC6C chr17 76101194 T 16 3′ UTR 3 TOMM20 chr1 235274461 A 8 3′ UTR 3 TOX4 chr14 21965677 T 12 3′ UTR 3 TPM3 chr1 154134840 A 21 3′ UTR 3 TPM4 chr19 16212343 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TRAK2 chr2 202244537 T 11 3′ UTR 3 TRIM33 chr1 114940229 T 13 3′ UTR 3 TRIM68 chr11 4620726 A 9 3′ UTR 3 TRIM9 chr14 51442832 T 10 3′ UTR 3 TRIOBP chr22 38171794 A 9 3′ UTR 3 TRPC1 chr3 142525356 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TRPS1 chr8 116424772 T 10 3′ UTR 3 TSGA14 chr7 130038411 A 9 3′ UTR 3 TSHZ1 chr18 73001306 A 10 3′ UTR 3 TSHZ3 chr19 31766335 T 13 3′ UTR 3 TSPAN31 chr12 58141530 T 13 3′ UTR 3 TTC14 chr3 180327407 T 8 3′ UTR 3 TTLL2 chr6 167755564 T 9 3′ UTR 3 TXLNA chr1 32663414 T 11 3′ UTR 3 TXNDC9 chr2 99936109 A 9 3′ UTR 3 U2AF1 chr21 44513110 T 11 3′ UTR 3 UBAP2L chr1 154242977 T 8 3′ UTR 3 UBE2G2 chr21 46191155 A 12 3′ UTR 3 UBE2O chr17 74385876 T 9 3′ UTR 3 UBE2W chr8 74704584 T 10 3′ UTR 3 UBE3C chr7 157060934 T 10 3′ UTR 3 UGDH chr4 39500884 A 10 3′ UTR 3 UGT2B7 chr4 69978554 A 13 3′ UTR 3 UNC5D chr8 35649346 T 11 3′ UTR 3 UQCRB chr8 97242317 T 10 3′ UTR 3 UQCRC1 chr3 48636506 G 9 3′ UTR 3 UQCRHL chr1 16133663 T 15 3′ UTR 3 USP11 chrX 47107350 A 16 3′ UTR 3 USP13 chr3 179501981 A 11 3′ UTR 3 USP14 chr18 213518 A 12 3′ UTR 3 USP43 chr17 9632696 T 12 3′ UTR 3 USP46 chr4 53461199 T 10 3′ UTR 3 USP53 chr4 120216195 T 10 3′ UTR 3 USP7 chr16 8986976 T 9 3′ UTR 3 USP8 chr15 50791892 A 11 3′ UTR 3 VCPIP1 chr8 67545984 A 13 3′ UTR 3 VEZF1 chr17 56051105 T 14 3′ UTR 3 VGLL3 chr3 86995866 A 11 3′ UTR 3 VGLL3 chr3 86990599 T 11 3′ UTR 3 VPS33A chr12 122716608 A 11 3′ UTR 3 VTI1A chr10 114578212 T 9 3′ UTR 3 VTI1A chr10 114575744 T 10 3′ UTR 3 WDR1 chr4 10076371 A 9 3′ UTR 3 WDR3 chr1 118502087 T 11 3′ UTR 3 WHSC1 chr4 1945453 A 9 3′ UTR 3 WNK3 chrX 54222891 A 14 3′ UTR 3 WWC3 chrX 10111121 T 10 3′ UTR 3 XKR6 chr8 10755102 T 11 3′ UTR 3 XPO4 chr13 21353626 A 9 3′ UTR 3 YTHDC1 chr4 69179759 A 10 3′ UTR 3 YY1 chr14 100744470 A 12 3′ UTR 3 ZC3H13 chr13 46537561 T 13 3′ UTR 3 ZC3HAV1 chr7 138745419 A 20 3′ UTR 3 ZC3HAV1L chr7 138710878 A 11 3′ UTR 3 ZC3HAV1L chr7 138710715 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ZFAND3 chr6 38122149 G 8 3′ UTR 3 ZFAND5 chr9 74968284 A 10 3′ UTR 3 ZFHX3 chr16 72820483 A 17 3′ UTR 3 ZFHX3 chr16 72816794 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ZHX3 chr20 39808271 T 16 3′ UTR 3 ZNF264 chr19 57731930 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ZNF362 chr1 33764950 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ZNF440 chr19 11944944 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ZNF503 chr10 77157784 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ZNF528 chr19 52920874 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ZNF557 chr19 7086241 A 13 3′ UTR 3 ZNF618 chr9 116812463 A 9 3′ UTR 3 ZNF629 chr16 30792783 T 10 3′ UTR 3 ZNF681 chr19 23925293 A 13 3′ UTR 3 ZNF770 chr15 35272976 A 9 3′ UTR 3 ZSCAN30 chr18 32831761 T 12 3′ UTR 3 ZSWIM2 chr2 187692280 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ZSWIM4 chr19 13942940 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ZXDC chr3 126179925 T 11 3′ UTR 3 ZXDC chr3 126170876 T 9 3′ UTR 3 ZYG11B chr1 53290310 A 13 3′ UTR

TABLE 7 Affected Asso- Affected Affected in MMR ciate Nr of Chro- homo- homo- Cancer defi- with affected mo- Start polymer polymer Census ceient other samples Gene some Position base length Gene tumors cancers 9 SETD1B chr12 122242657 C 8 8 CASP5 chr11 104879686 T 10 x 7 RBMXL1 chr1 89449508 T 11 7 RPL22 chr1 6257784 T 8 x 7 SEC31A chr4 83785564 T 9 x 6 ASTE1 chr3 130733046 T 11 x 6 CCDC150 chr2 197531518 A 11 6 MSH6 chr2 48030639 C 8 x x 6 MYL1 chr2 211179765 T 11 x 6 OR7E24 chr19 9361740 T 11 5 C15orf40 chr15 83677270 A 14 5 CNOT2 chr12 70747693 A 25 5 KIAA2018 chr3 113377481 T 11 5 LTN1 chr21 30339205 T 11 5 PHF2 chr9 96422611 A 8 x 5 RGS12 chr4 3430398 A 9 x 5 RNF145 chr5 158630629 T 11 5 SLC22A9 chr11 63149670 A 11 4 ACVR2A chr2 148683685 A 8 x 4 ATR chr3 142274739 T 10 x 4 CASP5 chr11 104878040 T 10 4 CDH26 chr20 58587783 A 10 4 COBLL1 chr2 165551295 A 9 x 4 CTCF chr16 67645338 A 7 x 4 DDX27 chr20 47858503 A 8 4 EXOSC9 chr4 122723893 T 8 4 FAM111B chr11 58892376 A 10 4 GRIK2 chr6 102503431 A 8 x 4 KIAA0182 chr16 85682289 C 8 4 KIAA1919 chr6 111587360 T 9 4 MAP3K4 chr6 161469775 A 8 x 4 MBD4 chr3 129155547 T 10 x 4 MIS18BP1 chr14 45716018 T 11 4 NDUFC2 chr11 77784146 A 9 x 4 PRRT2 chr16 29825015 C 9 4 RNPC3 chr1 104076466 A 12 4 SLC35F5 chr2 114500276 A 10 4 SMC6 chr2 17898125 T 9 x 4 TAF1B chr2 9989570 A 11 x 4 TGFBR2 chr3 30691871 A 10 x 4 TMBIM4 chr12 66531936 A 10 4 TMEM60 chr7 77423459 T 9 4 TTK chr6 80751896 A 9 x 4 WDTC1 chr1 27621107 G 8 x 3 ADD3 chr10 111893349 A 8 x 3 AQP7 chr9 33385689 G 7 3 ARV1 chr1 231131566 A 9 3 BRAF chr7 140482926 G 7 x x 3 CCDC168 chr13 103381995 A 9 3 CD3G chr11 118220582 A 9 3 CHD4 chr12 6711545 T 7 x 3 CLOCK chr4 56336953 A 9 x 3 COIL chr17 55028015 T 8 x 3 DOCK3 chr3 51417603 C 7 3 ELAVL3 chr19 11577604 C 9 3 F8 chrX 154157685 T 8 3 FETUB chr3 186362543 A 9 3 GLI1 chr12 57860074 G 7 x 3 HPS1 chr10 100186986 G 8 3 IGF2R chr6 160485487 G 8 x 3 KCNMA1 chr10 78729785 T 9 x 3 MLL3 chr7 151874147 T 9 x 3 MSH3 chr5 79970914 A 8 x 3 MYO10 chr5 16694605 C 8 3 MYO1A chr12 57422572 T 8 x 3 NBEAL1 chr2 203922057 A 9 3 NRIP1 chr21 16338329 T 8 x 3 P4HTM chr3 49043192 C 7 3 PIGB chr15 55631502 T 8 3 PRKDC chr8 48866909 T 10 x 3 PRRG1 chrX 37312610 C 8 3 RBM43 chr2 152108087 T 10 3 RG9MTD1 chr3 101284008 A 10 3 RNF43 chr17 56435160 C 7 x 3 SENP1 chr12 48458895 T 8 x 3 SPINK5 chr5 147499874 A 10 x 3 SRPR chr11 126137086 T 8 3 TMEM97 chr17 26653806 A 10 3 UBR5 chr8 103289348 T 8 x 3 UVRAG chr11 75694430 A 10 3 WNK1 chr12 970296 A 10 x x 3 ZBTB20 chr3 114058002 G 7 x

TABLE 8 Affected Affected homo- homo- Chromo- Start polymer polymer Gene some Position base length Region ARHGEF11 chr1 157014811 A 12 5′ UTR LRMP chr12 25205380 A 11 5′ UTR GABRG2 chr5 161494990 A 12 5′ UTR MBNL1 chr3 152017897 T 11 5′ UTR ARHGEF9 chrX 62974288 T 12 5′ UTR CCT6B chr17 33288433 A 11 5′ UTR EPHB6 chr7 142560576 A 13 5′ UTR GRIA2 chr4 158142151 A 9 5′ UTR LMOD3 chr3 69171664 T 13 5′ UTR NDE1 chr16 15737427 T 11 5′ UTR OMD chr9 95179844 T 11 5′ UTR TMEM177 chr2 120437061 A 11 5′ UTR TRPS1 chr8 116681041 A 14 5′ UTR ZNF781 chr19 38161161 T 11 5′ UTR ZXDA chrX 57936946 A 9 5′ UTR AMD1 chr6 111196178 A 11 5′ UTR ASPH chr8 62602295 A 11 5′ UTR BMP5 chr6 55739711 A 14 5′ UTR CBLN2 chr18 70211389 A 14 5′ UTR CEPT1 chr1 111690319 A 9 5′ UTR EBF1 chr5 158526596 T 11 5′ UTR ESCO1 chr18 19164371 A 11 5′ UTR KDM2B chr12 122018157 G 10 5′ UTR LRRC70 chr5 61874619 A 18 5′ UTR MCF2 chrX 138724841 A 15 5′ UTR MEIS1 chr2 66662690 T 13 5′ UTR MEIS2 chr15 37391752 T 12 5′ UTR SEMA6A chr5 115910134 A 11 5′ UTR SETBP1 chr18 42260910 G 8 5′ UTR ST7L chr1 113162029 C 10 5′ UTR MAPK1IP1L chr14 55535728 T 13 3′ UTR NARG2 chr15 60712503 T 13 3′ UTR PI15 chr8 75766071 T 10 3′ UTR AHCYL1 chr1 110566210 A 14 3′ UTR APH1B chr15 63600287 T 12 3′ UTR C17orf63 chr17 27083744 T 12 3′ UTR CALN1 chr7 71245682 A 12 3′ UTR CCND2 chr12 4410638 T 16 3′ UTR CD5L chr1 157801230 A 13 3′ UTR CEP170 chr1 243288181 T 11 3′ UTR CREB3L2 chr7 137561927 A 11 3′ UTR CSNK1G3 chr5 122950254 T 13 3′ UTR DIDO1 chr20 61536691 A 11 3′ UTR DRAM2 chr1 111660181 A 11 3′ UTR EIF4G3 chr1 21133496 T 13 3′ UTR FAM38B chr18 10670849 T 14 3′ UTR GSK3B chr3 119542766 A 11 3′ UTR KCNMB4 chr12 70824838 A 14 3′ UTR KDM5A chr12 389523 T 11 3′ UTR MYO5B chr18 47351784 A 12 3′ UTR NEK5 chr13 52639268 A 13 3′ UTR NPR3 chr5 32787131 A 11 3′ UTR PPP1R12A chr12 80169697 T 13 3′ UTR PRTG chr15 55903921 A 11 3′ UTR RAB11FIP1 chr8 37718707 A 13 3′ UTR RASGRP1 chr15 38781450 T 13 3′ UTR SH3KBP1 chrX 19552231 T 13 3′ UTR SHROOM3 chr4 77701305 A 12 3′ UTR SLC5A3 chr21 35470291 T 11 3′ UTR UBE2Z chr17 47005701 A 11 3′ UTR UST chr6 149398012 T 13 3′ UTR ZNF275 chrX 152617043 A 12 3′ UTR EIF4G3 chr1 21133286 A 13 3′ UTR FCHSD2 chr11 72549649 A 10 3′ UTR FMO2 chr1 171178335 A 11 3′ UTR RYR3 chr15 34157541 A 10 3′ UTR TMEM65 chr8 125325217 A 11 3′ UTR WHSC1L1 chr8 38175279 A 11 3′ UTR ABAT chr16 8876793 T 11 3′ UTR ARFIP1 chr4 153832103 T 11 3′ UTR BTBD7 chr14 93708030 A 10 3′ UTR C15orf2 chr15 24927891 A 10 3′ UTR CALN1 chr7 71249416 T 10 3′ UTR CCDC89 chr11 85395559 T 10 3′ UTR CCND1 chr11 69466273 A 10 3′ UTR ENTPD4 chr8 23289680 A 11 3′ UTR FCHSD2 chr11 72548510 A 14 3′ UTR FGFBP3 chr10 93666830 A 11 3′ UTR LANCL1 chr2 211297865 T 9 3′ UTR PPM1A chr14 60761433 T 10 3′ UTR PURB chr7 44920830 A 9 3′ UTR ST7L chr1 113067470 A 10 3′ UTR SULF2 chr20 46286320 A 10 3′ UTR TMC7 chr16 19073947 A 10 3′ UTR TSR2 chrX 54471045 T 10 3′ UTR UBA6 chr4 68481877 T 12 3′ UTR USP14 chr18 212029 A 9 3′ UTR ZNF185 chrX 152140995 C 10 3′ UTR ZNF287 chr17 16454419 T 9 3′ UTR AKIRIN1 chr1 39471673 A 10 3′ UTR ARL10 chr5 175800427 T 10 3′ UTR BMPR2 chr2 203426176 T 8 3′ UTR C17orf96 chr17 36829265 T 8 3′ UTR CCND2 chr12 4409520 T 10 3′ UTR EDEM1 chr3 5260540 T 10 3′ UTR FOXN2 chr2 48604358 T 10 3′ UTR FOXN2 chr2 48603079 T 10 3′ UTR HDAC4 chr2 239974109 A 9 3′ UTR HUS1B chr6 656079 A 10 3′ UTR KDM5A chr12 393804 T 11 3′ UTR KIF5C chr2 149879665 T 10 3′ UTR LRCH1 chr13 47325657 A 10 3′ UTR MKLN1 chr7 131175980 A 10 3′ UTR PCDHB3 chr5 140482943 T 10 3′ UTR RYBP chr3 72424549 T 9 3′ UTR SH3KBP1 chrX 19553810 T 12 3′ UTR SLC35F1 chr6 118638703 A 8 3′ UTR MSH6 chr2 48030639 C 8 exon SETD1B chr12 122242657 C 8 Exon CASP5 chr11 104879686 T 10 Exon RBMXL1 chr1 89449508 T 11 Exon SEC31A chr4 83785564 T 9 Exon CCDC150 chr2 197531518 A 11 Exon PHF2 chr9 96422611 A 8 Exon RPL22 chr1 6257784 T 8 Exon TMEM60 chr7 77423459 T 9 Exon AIM2 chr1 159032486 T 10 Exon ASTE1 chr3 130733046 T 11 Exon CASP5 chr11 104878040 T 10 Exon CTCF chr16 67645338 A 7 Exon DDX27 chr20 47858503 A 8 Exon EXOSC9 chr4 122723893 T 8 Exon FAM111B chr11 58892376 A 10 Exon GRIK2 chr6 102503431 A 8 Exon KIAA0182 chr16 85682289 C 8 Exon KIAA1919 chr6 111587360 T 9 Exon MLL3 chr7 151874147 T 9 Exon MYL1 chr2 211179765 T 11 Exon OR7E24 chr19 9361740 T 11 Exon P4HTM chr3 49043192 C 7 Exon PRKDC chr8 48866909 T 10 Exon PRRT2 chr16 29825015 C 9 Exon RNPC3 chr1 104076466 A 12 Exon SMC6 chr2 17898125 T 9 Exon TAF1B chr2 9989570 A 11 Exon TMEM97 chr17 26653806 A 10 Exon TTK chr6 80751896 A 9 Exon UVRAG chr11 75694430 A 10 Exon

TABLE 9 MLH1 hyper- Sequencing IHC IHC IHC methyl- Tumor Technology Tumor type MLH1 MSH2 MSH6 MSI ation MMR− 1 CG whole- Endometrial −(*) + − genome MMR+ 1 CG whole- Endometrial + + + − + genome MMR+ 2 CG whole- Endometrial + + + − − genome MMR− 2 Illumina exome Endometrial −(*) + − + + MMR− 3 Illumina exome Endometrial − + + + + MMR− 4 Illumina exome Endometrial + − − − − MMR− 5 Illumina exome Endometrial + − − + − MMR− 6 Illumina exome Endometrial + + − + − MMR− 7 Illumina exome Endometrial − − − − + MMR− 8 Illumina exome Endometrial + − − − − MMR− 9 Illumina exome Colorectal + − + + NA MMR− 10 Illumina exome Colorectal + + − + NA MMR− 11 Illumina exome Colorectal − + + + NA MMR+ 3 Illumina exome Endometrial + + + − − MMR+ 4 Illumina exome Endometrial + + + − − MMR+ 5 Illumina exome Endometrial + + + − − MMR+ 6 Illumina exome Endometrial + + + − −

TABLE 10 Tumor Tumor BAT 25 BAT 26 D5S346 D17S250 D2S123 TGFB BAT 40 D18S58 D17S787 D18S69 Tumor 1 MMR− 1 + + + + + N/A N/A + + − Tumor 2 MMR+ 1 − − − − N/A N/A − − − − Tumor 3 MMR+ 2 − − − − N/A N/A − − − −

TABLE 11 Tumor Tumor Type Histopathology Grade Stage Tumor 1 MMR− 1 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 IIIc carcinoma Tumor 2 MMR+ 1 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 I carcinoma Tumor 3 MMR+ 2 Endometrium Serous carcinoma 3 Ia

TABLE 12 Somatic mutations After removal of After applying quality using calldiff common variants score threshold Substi- Muta- Substi- Muta- Substi- Muta- Tumor tutions Indels tions tutions Indels tions tutions Indels tions MMR− 1 51,914 70,857 122,771 46,679 56,629 103,308 41,943 56,629 98,572 (hypermu- tator) MMR+ 1 10,053  5,935  15,988  4,857  2,078  6,935  2,625  2,078  4,703 MMR+ 2 10,615  4,558  15,173  6,650  1,974  8,624  3,036  1,974  5,010

TABLE 13 Tumor Type Histopathology Grade Stage 1 MMR− 2 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 IIIa carcinoma 2 MMR− 3 Endometrium Endometrioid 2 Ib carcinoma 3 MMR− 4 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 II carcinoma 4 MMR− 5 Endometrium Endometrioid 2 Ia carcinoma 5 MMR− 6 Endometrium Serous carcinoma 3 Ib 6 MMR− 7 Endometrium Endometrioid/ 3 Ia clear cell 7 MMR− 8 Endometrium Serous/clear cell 3 Ib 8 MMR− 9 Colon Adenocarcinoma 3 IIa 9 MMR− 10 Colon Adenocarcinoma 2 IIIc 10 MMR− 11 Colon Adenocarcinoma 2 IIa 11 MMR+ 3 Endometrium Endometrioid 1 IIIc carcinoma 12 MMR+ 4 Endometrium Serous carcinoma 3 IIIa 13 MMR+ 5 Endometrium Mucinous 2 IIIa carcinoma 14 MMR+ 6 Endometrium Endometrioid 1 Ia carcinoma

TABLE 14 MLH1 IHC IHC IHC MSI hyper- Tumor MLH1 MSH2 MSH6 (Bethesda) methylation MMR− 2 −(*) + − + + MMR− 3 − + + + + MMR− 4 + − − − − MMR− 5 + − − + − MMR− 6 + + − + − MMR− 7 − − − − + MMR− 8 + − − − − MMR− 9 + − + + NA MMR− 10 + + − + NA MMR− 11 − + + + NA MMR+ 3 + + + − − MMR+ 4 + + + − − MMR+ 5 + + + − − MMR+ 6 + + + − −

TABLE 15 Tumor BAT 25 BAT 26 D5S346 D17S250 D2S123 TGFB BAT 40 D18S58 D17S787 D18S69 MMR− 2 + + + N/A N/A N/A − N/A − + MMR− 3 − + − + + + − + − − MMR− 4 − − − − − − N/A − − − MMR− 5 + − + + + + N/A − − − MMR− 6 + − + + + − + − − + MMR− 7 − − − − − − − − − − MMR− 8 − − − − − − − − − − MMR− 9 + + + + + − + N/A + + MMR− 10 + + + − + − + N/A + + MMR− 11 + + + + − − + N/A + + MMR+ 3 − − − − − − − − − − MMR+ 4 − − − − − − − − − − MMR+ 5 − − − − − − − − − − MMR+ 6 − − − − − − − − − −

TABLE 16 After quality After removal of filtering common variants After validation Substi- Muta- Substi- Muta- Substi- Muta- Tumor tutions Indels tion tutions Indels tions tutions Indels tions MMR− 2 922 299 1,221 778 295 1,073 778 295 1,073 MMR− 3 902 252 1,154 655 249 904 655 249 904 MMR− 4 1,675 160 1,835 1,476 156 1,632 1,476 156 1,632 MMR− 5 1,526 337 1,863 1,304 335 1,639 1,304 335 1,639 MMR− 6 987 221 1,208 792 217 1,009 792 217 1,009 MMR− 7 477 138 615 283 135 418 283 135 418 MMR− 8 1,408 268 1,676 1,196 261 1,457 1,196 261 1,457 MMR− 9 1,685 534 2,219 1,525 521 2,046 1,525 521 2,046 MMR− 10 2,444 444 2,888 2,233 426 2,659 2,233 426 2,659 MMR− 11 1,648 662 2,310 1,485 644 2,129 1,485 644 2,129 MMR+ 3 327 73 400 160 71 231 22 2 24 MMR+ 4 300 48 348 169 45 214 41 2 43 MMR+ 5 384 78 462 172 73 245 46 2 48 MMR+ 6 270 58 328 149 54 203 35 4 39

TABLE 17 Before filtering After filtering Number of samples Substitutions Indels Substitutions Indels 3 or more 33 84 5 82 4 or more  8 45 0 44

TABLE 18 Number of tumor Number of affected affected homopolymer 1 1,238 2 173 3 38 4 26 5 8 6 5 7 3 8 1 9 1

TABLE 19 Observed fre- Total uency in the Number of number of hypermutator Length of affected homopolymers whole-genome homopolymer homopolymers (whole-genome) (fe,genome) 6 4,868 4,123,709 1.18E-03 7 7,332 1,583,507 4.63E-03 8 8,729 562,325 1.55E-02 9 8,100 319,266 2.54E-02 10 5,861 206,595 2.84E-02 11 4,602 126,018 3.65E-02

TABLE 20 Expected number of Total Observed Length of affected homo- number of frequency Fold homo- polymers in homopolymers in exome enrich- polymer the exome (exome) (fo,exome) ment 6 28.5 24,008 1.19E-03 1.0 7 33.6 4,787 7.02E-03 1.5 8 25.8 938 2.75E-02 1.8 9 10.8 205 5.24E-02 2.1 10 6.5 60 1.08E-01 3.8 11 4. 24 1.72E-01 4.7

TABLE 21 Observed Expected Length of number of number of homopolymer recurrent indels recurrent indels Fold increase 6  0 6.51E-03 N/A 7  9 7.84E-02 114.80  8 25 5.76E-01 43.38 9 18 5.54E-01 32.47 10  16 2.27E-01 70.56 11  11 1.93E-01 57.12

TABLE 22 Observed Expected Length of number of number of homopolymer recurrent indels recurrent indels Fold increase 6  0 1.54E-05 N/A 7  1 7.26E-04 1377.52  8 11 1.79E-02 615.67 9  9 2.82E-02 319.62 10  10 1.29E-02 776.36 11  11 1.41E-02 782.52

TABLE 23 Number of samples affected Affected genes* 9 SETD1B 8 CASP5 7 RPL22, RBMXL1 6 SEC31A, OR7E24, MSH6, CCDC150, MYL1, ASTE1 5 SLC22A9, CNOT2, C15orf40, LTN1, KIAA2018, RGS12, RNF145, PHF2 4 WDTC1, RNPC3, FAM111B, NDUFC2, CASP5, TMBIM4 MIS18BP1, PRRT2, CTCF, KIAA0182, TAF1B, SMC6, SLC35F5, ACVR2A, COBLL1, DDX27, CDH26, TGFBR2, MBD4, ATR, EXOSC9, TTK, GRIK2, KIAA1919, MAP3K4, TMEM60 3 ARV1, KCNMA1, HPS1, ADD3, UVRAG, CD3G, SRPR, WNK1, CHD4, SENP1, MYO1A,GLI1, CCDC168, PIGB, TMEM97, COIL, RNF43, ELAVL3, RBM43, NBEAL1, NRIP1,P4HTM, DOCK3, RG9MTD1, ZBTB20, FETUB, CLOCK, MYO10, MSH3, SPINK5, IGF2R, BRAF, MLL3, PRKDC, UBR5, AQP7, PRRG1, F8

TABLE 24 Exome 5′ UTRs 3′ UTRs Number of recurrently affected homopolymer 82 89 1812 Number of recurrently affected homopolymer 34 3 71 with length < 9 Percentage of recurrently affected 41.5% 3.4% 3.9% homopolymer with length < 9 Number of homopolymers with length < 9 29,733 4,857 49,769 Percentage of recurrently affected homopolymer with length < 9 correcting for the number of homopolymers 39.2% 19.5% 2.2% with length < 9

TABLE 25 MMR- MMR- deficient proficient Recurrent Recurrent Dataset genes genes genes exonic Affected genes N/A 7,084 380 994 82 Genes in dataset 14,664 5,303 243 750 65 Overexpressed 9,021 (61.5%) 3,411 (64.3%) 142 (58.4%) 476 (63.5%) 57 (87.7%) Underexpressed  463 (3.2%)  208 (3.9%)  5 (2.1%) 30 (4.0%) 2 (3.1%) Non-differentially 5,180 (35.3%) 1,684 (31.8%)  96 (39.5%) 244 (32.5%) 6 (9.2%) expressed

TABLE 26 Data set MMR- MMR- (n = 4,874 deficient proficient Recurrent Recurrent genes) genes genes genes genes Genes in the 7,084 380 994 82 data set Differentially 1,524 (21.5%) 63 (16.6%) 211 (21.2%) 28 (34.1%) expressed in MSI-H

TABLE 27 Tumor Type Histopathology Grade Stage MMR− Ovarian 1 Ovary Serous 3 IIIc MMR+ Ovarian 1 Ovary Clear cell 3 IIc MMR+ Ovarian 2 Ovary Clear cell 3 IIIc DND41 (MMR− Leukemia 1) Blood; Cell line Acute lymphoblastic leukemia / / CCRF-CEM (MMR− Leukemia 2) Blood; Cell line Acute lymphoblastic leukemia / / SUPT1 (MMR− Leukemia 3) Blood; Cell line Acute lymphoblastic leukemia / / RPMI8402 (MMR+ Leukemia 1) Blood; Cell line Acute lymphoblastic leukemia / /

TABLE 28 Tumor Mutation status of MMR genes MMR− Ovarian 1 MSH6:T1085fs MMR+ Ovarian 1 / MMR+ Ovarian 2 / DND41 (MMR− Leukemia 1) MSH6:T1085fs; MSH3: K381fs CCRF-CEM (MMR− Leukemia 2) MLH1: R100X SUPT1 (MMR− Leukemia 3) MLH1: T495fs; MSH3: K381fs RPMI8402 (MMR+ Leukemia 1) /

TABLE 29 Rank Pathway P value 1 Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response 1.96E−03 2 Cell cycle: G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation 3.08E−03 3 P53 signaling 5.04E−03 4 GADD45 signaling 9.00E−03 5 D-myo-inositol-trisphosphate biosynthesis 9.00E−03 6 Protein kinase A signaling 1.33E−02 7 PTEN signaling 2.00E−02 8 Thio-molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis 2.45E−02 9 Lipoate salvage and modification 2.45E−02 10  DNA double-strand break repair by Homologous 3.89E−02 Recombination 11  Hereditary breast cancer signaling 4.21E−02 12  Molecular mechanisms of cancer 4.42E−02 13  Lipoate biosynthesis and Incorporation II 4.83E−02

TABLE 30 Gene Affected MMR-deficient tumor ATM MMR− 2, MMR− 3, MMR-6, MMR− 8, MMR− 9, MMR− 10, MMR− 11 ATR MMR− 2, MMR− 8, MMR− 10, MMR− 9 BLM MMR− 2, MMR− 6 BRCA1 MMR− 4, MMR− 5 CHEK1 MMR− 1, MMR− 9 FANCD2 MMR− 10 FANCE MMR− 2 FANCM MMR− 2, MMR− 11 MRE11 MMR− 1, MMR− 3, MMR− 8, MMR− 10, MMR− 11 RAD50 MMR− 9 RAD54 MMR− 5, MMR− 11

TABLE 31 Cell MMR culture Type Histopathology Grade status 1 EMC−1 Endometrium Endometrioid 2 Deficient carcinoma 2 EMC−2 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 Deficient carcinoma 3 EMC−3 Endometrium Endometrioid/ 3 Deficient serous carcinoma 4 EMC−4 Endometrium Endometrioid 1-3 Deficient carcinoma 5 EMC−5 Endometrium Endometrioid 3 Deficient carcinoma 6 OVC−1 Ovary Serous carcinoma 3 Deficient 7 OVC−2 Ovary Serous carcinoma 3 Deficient 8 EMC+1 Endometrium Endometrioid 2 Proficient carcinoma 9 OVC+1 Ovary Serous carcinoma 3 Proficient

TABLE 32 Cell line Type Subtype BRCA status Mutations in MMR genes MMR status 1 HEC-1-A Endometrium Endometrioid WT BRCA1/2 Nonsense mutation in PMS2, Deficient Splice site mutation in MSH6 2 MDA-MB-231 Breast TNBC WT BRCA1/2 — Proficient 3 MCF7 Breast ER+ PR+ WT BRCA1/2 — Proficient 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of detecting alterations in 3′ UTR homopolymer lengths in a human tumor sample, the method comprising: performing a multiplex assay on a sample from the tumor, and detecting lengths of at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers that differ from the reference lengths of the at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers; wherein the at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers and the reference lengths are selected from the group consisting of: 11 consecutive adenines in the gene DIDO1 at position 61536692 of chromosome 20, 11 consecutive adenines in the gene UBE2Z at position 47005702 of chromosome 17, 10 consecutive adenines in the gene RYR3 at position 34157542 of chromosome 15, 11 consecutive adenines in the gene TMEM65 at position 125325218 of chromosome 8, 12 consecutive adenines in the gene BTBD7 at position 93708031 of chromosome 14, 11 consecutive thymidines in the gene KDM5A at position 393805 of chromosome 12, 11 consecutive thymidines in the gene ABAT at position 8876793 of chromosome 16, 11 consecutive thymidines in the gene PPM1A at position 60761434 of chromosome 14, 12 consecutive thymidines in the gene UBA6 at position 68481878 of chromosome 4, 10 consecutive cytidines in the gene ZNF185 at position 152140996 of chromosome X, 10 consecutive thymidines in the gene ARL10 at position 175800427 of chromosome 5, 10 consecutive adenines in the gene TMC7 at position 19073948 of chromosome 16, and 10 consecutive adenines in the gene SULF2 at position 46286320 of chromosome
 20. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the tumor is colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, or a tumor of Lynch syndrome.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein lengths of at least eight 3′ UTR homopolymers that differ from the reference lengths of at the least eight 3′ UTR homopolymers are detected.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers include the adenines in the gene DIDO1 at position 61536692 of chromosome 20, and the adenines in the gene UBE2Z at position 47005702 of chromosome
 17. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein detecting comprises utilizing an oligonucleotide probe.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiplex assay is a single base pair extension assay, a DNA hybridization assay, and/or a melting curve assay.
 7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the difference between a detected length and a reference length is one nucleotide base.
 8. The method according to claim 1 wherein the difference between a detected length and a reference length is two nucleotide bases.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers is the adenines in the gene DIDO1 at position 61536692 of chromosome
 20. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the at least two 3′ UTR homopolymers is the adenines in the gene UBE2Z at position 47005702 of chromosome
 17. 